Iresjö 2008.

Methods	Randomised clinical trial, Sweden
Participants	12 hospitalised adults undergoing surgery of the upper gastrointestinal tract, at nutritional risk due to major surgery Male:Female = 7:5 Mean age = 64 years Exclusion criteria: diabetes or steroid medications
Interventions	Experimental group: Parenteral nutrition: TPN was supplied as an all‐in‐one bag (0.16 gN · kg−1 of body weight · day−1 (30 kcal · kg−1 of body weight · day−1); Kabiven® Perifer; Fresenius Kabi(n = 6) Control group: Placebo (saline)(n = 6) Infusions started between 16.00 and 17.00 hours on the day before the operation, and continued at a constant rate until muscle biopsies were taken from the rectus abdominis muscles directly after the induction of anaesthesia (15 – 16 hrs later)
Outcomes	Levels of amino acids and substrates in peripheral blood, formation of 4E‐BPI‐eIF4E and eIF4G‐eIF4E complexes, 4E‐BPI phosphorylation, p70S6K phosphorylation
Study dates	Not stated
Notes	We contacted authors about risk of bias details on 6th September 2015 by email: kent.lundholm@surgery.gu.se. We received additional information on randomisation sequence, blinding and incomplete outcome data.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation was done after the participant was recruited to the study by the responsible physician. Randomisation was done by a computer algorithm based on age, sex, cancer (type of cancer)/no cancer, height, weight, % weight loss (compared to pre‐disease weight).
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Participants were blinded as the control group received placebo.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Blinding of outcome assessment was not performed.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	There were no dropouts and complete data for all 12 participants.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol could be obtained and the trial did not report on all‐cause mortality or serious adverse events.
For‐profit bias	Low risk	The study was, in part, supported by grants from the Swedish Cancer Society (2014), the Swedish Research Council (08712), Tore Nilson Foundation, Assar Gabrielsson Foundation (AB Volvo), Jubileumskliniken foundation, IngaBritt & Arne Lundberg Research Foundation, Swedish and Göteborg Medical Societies, the Medical Faculty, Göteborg University, VGR 19/00, 1019/00, Swedish Nutrition Foundation.
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appeared to be free of other components that could put it at risk of bias.