Ljunggren 2012.

Methods	Randomised clinical trial, Sweden
Participants	60 hospitalised adults undergoing elective hip fracture surgery, at nutritional risk due to being frail elderly with hip fracture Male:Female = not reported Mean age = 69 years. Exclusion criteria: endocrinologic disorders, including diabetes, and treatment with cortisone
Interventions	Experimental group: a carbohydrate drink (50 kcal/100 mL; Preop, NutriciaNordica AB, Stockholm, Sweden) 800 mL in the evening before the surgery (Day 0) and 400 mL 2 hrs before entering the operating room (Day 1) (n = 20) Control group: no food or water from midnight before the surgery (n = 20)
Outcomes	Stress (cortisol in plasma and urine), muscle catabolism (urinary 3‐methylhistidine), well‐being, glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity
Study dates	Not stated
Notes	We contacted the authors on 2nd October 2015 by email: r.hahn@telia.com. We received information on randomisation, quality of life, serious adverse events.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	The randomisation was not performed by an independent party. It was performed by making envelopes with the intervention to be received and these envelopes were then put into a bag. It was unclear if this unorthodox method was at low risk of bias.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	The envelopes used for randomisation are described as sealed and opaque.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	The study was not blinded.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	The study was not blinded.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	There were 5% dropouts.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	The outcomes stated in the protocol were reported on.
For‐profit bias	Low risk	Supported by: Olle Engkvist Byggmästare Foundation the Stockholm County Council (Grant number 2009 – 0433).
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appeared to be free of other components that could put it at risk of bias.