Tong 2006a.

Methods	Randomised clinical trial, China
Participants	126 hospitalised adults with gastrointestinal tumour, at nutritional risk due to major surgery Male:Female = 62:46 Mean age = 68.2 years Exclusion criteria: Body weight over or less than 15% of the participants usual body weight, diabetes and decompensate hyperthyroidism or serious hepatorenal dysfunction (ALT > 60 U/L, TBiL > 25.7 μmol/L, BUN 10.7 mmol/L, Cre > 132.9 μmol/L) and haemorrhagic shock
Interventions	Experimental group 1: TPN after surgery (50 ml/kg/day, N/Q = 1 g:552 kJ) for intravenous drip (n = 45) Experimental group 2: Enteral nutrient fluids (50 ml/kg/day, N/Q = 1 g : 552 kJ) for infusion after gastrointestinal fistulation, 500 ml (40 ‐ 50 ml/hr) of the fluids after 1st 24 hrs, 1000 ml (80 ‐ 120 ml/hr) after 48 hrs, and 1500 ml (80 ‐ 120 ml/hr) after 72 hrs. Semi‐liquid diet after 6 ‐ 7 days of infusion. (n = 45) Control group: Conventional therapy of fluid infusion, transition diet after recovery of intestinal peristalsis (n = 36)
Outcomes	Complications, body weight (9 days after treatment)
Study dates	Not stated
Notes	Same as Tong 2006b, but with experimental group 1 vs. control group. We tried but failed to contact the authors on 23rd September 2015 by phone and email: surgerytong@yahoo.com.cn.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants and personnel were not blinded.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	The number of participants with incomplete data was not reported.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol could be obtained and the trial did not report on all‐cause mortality or serious adverse event.
For‐profit bias	Unclear risk	It was unclear how the trial was funded.
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appeared to be free of other components that could put it at risk of bias.