Watters 1997.

Methods	Randomised clinical trial, Canada
Participants	31 hospitalised adults undergoing oesophagectomy or pancreatoduodenectomy, at nutritional risk due to major abdominal surgery Male:Female = 22:6 (analysed participants only) Mean age = 62.5 Exclusion criteria: Metastases identified before surgery or at the time of surgery, diabetes mellitus,and corticosteroid use
Interventions	Experimental group: Immediate postoperative enteral feeding (The enteral preparation provided 4.4 g protein and 445 kJ/100 mL) (n = 15) Control group: No enteral feeding during the 1st 6 postoperative days (n = 16) Co‐intervention: PEG placement
Outcomes	Hand‐grip strength, spirometry, serum biochemistry, urine biochemistry, mobility
Study dates	Not stated
Notes	We could obtain no contact information for the authors.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	The sequence generation was computer‐generated.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	The allocation was concealed in sealed envelopes.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	The participants and personnel were unblinded.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	The outcome assessment was unblinded.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	There were above 5% dropouts, and the trial did not allow proper intention‐to‐treat methodology.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol could be obtained, and all‐cause mortality was not reported.
For‐profit bias	Unclear risk	It was unclear how the trial was funded.
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appeared to be free of other components that could put it at risk of bias