Table A1.

Fixed Effect Estimates for Multi-Level Model of Differences Between Age Groups in Log Odds of Hits.

Fixed effect	$\widehat{\beta }$	SE	95% CI	χ2	p
Intercept (baseline age difference)	−0.329	0.037	[−0.401, −0.257]
Younger adult logit hit rate (slope)	−0.286	0.028	[−0.341, −0.232]	102.56	< .001
Subject characteristics
Mean age of older adult group	0.001	0.009	[−0.016, 0.019]	0.02	.89
Stimulus characteristics
Stimuli are faces (vs. words)	0.283	0.078	[0.129, 0.436]	13.43	< .001
Stimuli are pictures (vs. words)	0.246	0.054	[0.139, 0.352]	19.96	< .001
Stimuli are texts (vs. words)	0.295	0.084	[0.131, 0.459]	12.67	< .001
Positive valence	0.028	0.066	[−0.101, 0.156]	0.19	.67
Negative valence	−0.039	0.060	[−0.156, 0.079]	0.44	.51
Study phase characteristics
Auditory presentation (vs. visual)	−0.117	0.097	[−0.308, 0.073]	1.51	.22
Bimodal presentation	0.047	0.200	[−0.345, 0.439]	0.06	.81
Production	−0.045	0.199	[−0.434, 0.344]	0.07	.80
Intentional encoding	−0.004	0.070	[−0.141, 0.134]	< 0.01	.97
Self-paced study	−0.139	0.109	[−0.353, 0.075]	1.75	.19
Self-paced study x intentional encoding	0.286	0.165	[−0.038, 0.610]	3.14	.08
Study time per presentation (s)	−0.023	0.011	[−0.045, −0.000]	4.06	.04
Deep orienting task	−0.114	0.068	[−0.247, 0.020]	2.98	.08
Shallow orienting task	−0.023	0.084	[−0.188, 0.142]	0.12	.73
Generation task	0.113	0.120	[−0.122, 0.349]	0.94	.33
Divided attention	−0.342	0.233	[−0.799, 0.115]	2.28	.13
Number of memoranda	0.001	0.001	[0.001, 0.002]	7.19	.01
Multiple study opportunities	0.103	0.075	[−0.044, 0.250]	1.81	.18
Test phase characteristics
Intervening cued recall	−0.065	0.186	[−0.430, 0.300]	0.13	.72
Intervening free recall	0.114	0.105	[−0.091, 0.320]	1.31	.25
Continuous recognition	−0.211	0.187	[−0.577, 0.155]	1.43	.23
Retention interval	−0.031	0.009	[−0.048, −0.014]	13.16	< .001
Continuous recognition x retention interval	−0.066	0.040	[−0.144, 0.013]	2.66	.10
Number of test probes	0.001	< 0.001	[0.001, 0.002]	1.47	.23
Conjunction lures	−0.112	0.056	[−0.222, −0.003]	4.21	.04
Component lures	0.102	0.086	[−0.067, 0.272]	1.48	.22
Semantically related lures	0.027	0.046	[−0.063, 0.117]	0.37	.54
Featurally related lures	−0.066	0.059	[−0.181, 0.049]	1.34	.25
Proportion of lures	−0.355	0.219	[−0.784, 0.074]	2.70	.10

Note. SE = standard error. Positive parameter estimates indicate age differences smaller than the mean (i.e., older adults relatively less disadvantaged in hit rates); negative parameter estimates indicate larger age differences than the mean (i.e., older adults were especially disadvantaged).