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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2019 Feb 1;6(1):1–13. doi: 10.1007/s40471-019-0178-z

Figure 1. DNA methylation biomarkers, regardless of timing of sample collection, can be used to predict prenatal smoking.

Figure 1.

As reported in Richmond et al[52], adult biosamples can accurately predict prenatal smoking, even after accounting for post-natal (own) smoking. Predefined sets of CpG DNA methylation loci can be used for prediction. Derived reference sets from infant cord blood and from middle childhood blood are available (top). The CpG set derived from childhood samples achieves slightly better prediction parameters (bottom).