TABLE II.
Example organ-on-chip designs of different physiological functional units. A wide range of organ mimics have been reported which recapitulate the basic functionality of that organ.
| Tissue or organ system on-chip | Description | References |
|---|---|---|
| Lung alveolus | Alveolus with endothelial and epithelial monolayers. Time-varying vacuum in side chambers provides for transient strain. | Huh94 |
| Liver | Functionally active hepatocyte tissues maintained in a perfusable multi-well format. | Domansky1 |
| Heart | Cardiac muscle is seeded on a flexible cantilever so that the magnitude of contractile force can be measured. | Lind88 |
| Microvascular | Vascular networks formed by a vasculogenesis-like process | Kim99 |
| Placenta | Multilayered system for co-culture of human trophoblast cells and human fetal endothelial cells replicating in vivo spatial organization. | White87 |
| Skin | Skin represented by an epidermal layer is integrated with a perfusable vascular channel for cosmetic testing. | Morris82 |
| Blood-brain barrier | Blood-brain-barrier containing an endothelial layer, astrocytes, and pericytes including the measurement of permeability. | Booth100 and Campisi101 |
| Neurovascular | An endothelial barrier with interacting astrocytes and neurons in separate gel regions. | Adriani93 |
| Neuromuscular junction | Neurosphere formed from optogenetic motor neurons extending neurites to connect with skeletal muscle. | Uzel and Morimoto 102,103 |