Table 5. Differences in dimension scores and overall scores among different groups, M (SD).

Group	n	Professional support	Own capacity	Perceived safety	Participation	Overall score
Labor duration
≤12 h	1226	3.12(0.45)	2.91(0.45)	2.45(0.46)	2.68(0.47)	2.84(0.33)
>12 h	512	3.12(0.49)	2.77(0.51)	2.38(0.48)	2.65(0.49)	2.78(0.36)
P-value*		0.790	<0.001	0.004	0.074	<0.001
Vaginal delivery model
Spontaneous	1625	3.12(0.46)	2.89(0.47)	2.44(0.47)	2.67(0.47)	2.83(0.34)
Instrumental	122	3.04(0.47)	2.70(0.46)	2.21(0.37)	2.64(0.52)	2.69(0.32)
P-value*		0.175	<0.001	<0.001	0.356	<0.001
Parity
Primiparous	932	3.13(0.48)	2.83(0.51)	2.39(0.48)	2.67(0.49)	2.81(0.36)
Multiparous	815	3.11(0.44)	2.92(0.42)	2.46(0.48)	2.67(0.49)	2.84(0.32)
P-value*		0.054	<0.001	<0.001	0.909	0.039
Augmentation
No	879	3.09(0.42)	2.91(0.46)	2.46(0.46)	2.66(0.47)	2.83(0.33)
Yes	728	3.15(0.49)	2.84(0.47)	2.40(0.47)	2.69(0.47)	2.82(0.35)
Unknown	140	3.14(0.51)	2.84(0.49)	2.40(0.49)	2.62(0.51)	2.81(0.35)
P-value**		0.010	0.009	0.057	0.269	0.855
Pain management
No pain relief	1108	3.10(0.46)	2.89(0.45)	2.44(0.45)	2.64(0.47)	2.82(0.34)
Pharmacological	399	3.13(0.47)	2.82(0.49)	2.40(0.50)	2.71(0.48)	2.81(0.35)
Nonpharmacological	188	3.24(0.50)	2.89(0.53)	2.42(0.47)	2.78(0.49)	2.88(0.37)
Unknown	52	3.11(0.34)	2.97(0.37)	2.39(0.46)	2.60(0.43)	2.83(0.24)
P-value**		0.001	0.005	0.466	<0.001	0.033
Companionship during labor
Yes	1568	3.13(0.46)	2.89(0.47)	2.43(0.46)	2.68(0.48)	2.84(0.34)
No	179	3.01(0.44)	2.75(0.49)	2.40(0.52)	2.56(0.46)	2.73(0.35)
P-value*		<0.001	<0.001	0.284	0.003	<0.001
Prenatal education
No	1273	3.10(0.46)	2.85(0.46)	2.39(0.45)	2.63(0.47)	2.80(0.33)
Yes	474	3.18(0.46)	2.93(0.49)	2.52(0.50)	2.77(0.48)	2.90(0.36)
P-value*		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Pain
Extreme pain	1298	3.10(0.46)	2.82(0.47)	2.36(0.45)	2.64(0.47)	2.78(0.33)
Strong pain	272	3.18(0.45)	3.01(0.40)	2.60(0.44)	2.73(0.47)	2.93(0.33)
Moderate pain	121	3.14(0.48)	3.04(0.47)	2.61(0.49)	2.79(0.47)	2.94(0.36)
Slight pain	56	3.19(0.55)	3.06(0.61)	2.73(0.58)	2.77(0.47)	2.99(0.46)
P-value**		0.002	<0.001	<0.001	0.001	<0.001

* The Mann-Whitney U test was performed.

** The Kruskal-Walls H test was performed.