Stephen 2007

Methods	Randomised, single‐centre, open‐label trial conducted in Scotland, UK 2 treatment arms LTG and VPS
Participants	Participants of at least 13 years with a minimum of 2 newly onset unprovoked seizures of any type and no previous exposure to LTG or VPS Number randomised: LTG = 117, VPS =109 114 male participants (50%) 154 participants with partial epilepsy (68%) Mean age (range): 36 (13 ‐ 80 years)
Interventions	Monotherapy with LTG or VPS Titration of 5‐10 weeks to target doses of LTG = 200 mg/d and VPS = 1000 mg/d Range of follow‐up: 0‐51 months
Outcomes	Percentage of randomised participants achieving a minimum period of 12 months' seizure freedom Percentage of randomised participants withdrawing due to adverse events Percentage of randomised participants with lack of efficacy at maximum tolerated dose Changes in levels of androgenic hormone levels (testosterone, androstenedione and sex hormone‐binding globulin levels) Changes in weight and BMI from baseline
Notes	IPD provided for all outcomes of this review by trial author
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Trial described as randomised, no further information provided
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information provided
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open‐label trial
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open‐label trial
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Attrition rates reported, ITT approach, all randomised participants from the ITT population analysed from IPD provided (see footnote 2)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes reported or calculated with IPD provided (see footnote 2)
Other bias	High risk	There were inconsistencies between rates of seizure recurrence and reasons for withdrawal between the data provided and the published paper, which the authors could not resolve