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. 2017 May 29;2017(5):CD004025. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004025.pub4

Comparison 1. Music therapy + standard care versus standard care alone.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Global state: No clinically important overall improvement (as rated by trialists) 2   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.1 short term 1 61 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.82 [0.55, 1.24]
1.2 medium term 2 133 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.38 [0.24, 0.59]
2 Mental state: General ‐ 1a. Average endpoint score (PANSS, high score = poor) 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.1 short term 1 75 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.69 [‐1.16, ‐0.23]
2.2 medium term 2 159 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.97 [‐1.31, ‐0.63]
2.3 long term 1 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐3.41 [‐4.07, ‐2.76]
3 Mental state: General ‐ 1b. Average endpoint score (BPRS, high score = poor) 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
3.1 short term 1 30 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.27 [‐0.45, 0.99]
3.2 medium term 1 70 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.25 [‐1.77, ‐0.73]
4 Mental state: Specific ‐ 2. Negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (SANS, high score = poor) 7   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.1 short term 5 319 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.50 [‐0.73, ‐0.27]
4.2 medium term 3 177 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.55 [‐0.87, ‐0.24]
5 Mental state: Specific ‐ 3. Positive symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (SAPS, high score = poor) 1 96 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.18 [‐0.60, 0.24]
5.1 short‐term 1 96 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.18 [‐0.60, 0.24]
6 Mental state: Specific ‐ 4a. Depression ‐ average endpoint score (SDS, high score = poor) 2 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.63 [‐1.06, ‐0.21]
6.1 short term 2 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.63 [‐1.06, ‐0.21]
7 Mental state: Specific ‐ 4b. Depression ‐ average endpoint score (Ham‐D, high score = poor) 1 30 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.52 [‐1.25, 0.21]
7.1 short term 1 30 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.52 [‐1.25, 0.21]
8 Mental state: Specific ‐ 4c. Depression ‐ average endpoint score (CDSS, high score = poor)) 1 75 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.73 [‐1.20, ‐0.26]
8.1 short term 1 75 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.73 [‐1.20, ‐0.26]
9 Mental state: Specific ‐ 5. Anxiety ‐ average endpoint score (SAS, high score = poor) 1 60 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.61 [‐1.13, ‐0.09]
9.1 short term 1 60 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.61 [‐1.13, ‐0.09]
10 Leaving the study early 18   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
10.1 short term 11 692 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.14 [0.02, 1.06]
10.2 medium term 8 531 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.62 [0.30, 1.30]
10.3 long term 2 151 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.50, 1.89]
11 Functioning: General ‐ 1a. Average endpoint score (GAF, high score = good) 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
11.1 short term 1 53 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.08 [‐0.47, 0.62]
11.2 medium term 2 118 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.19 [‐0.56, 0.18]
12 Functioning: General ‐1b. Average endpoint score (IADL, high score = poor) 1   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
12.1 medium term 1 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.20 [‐1.65, ‐0.75]
12.2 long term 1 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.80 [‐2.29, ‐1.30]
13 Functioning: Social 2a. Average endpoint score (SDSS, high score = poor) 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
13.1 short term 1 40 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.25 [‐1.94, ‐0.57]
13.2 medium term 2 160 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.72 [‐1.04, ‐0.40]
13.3 long term 1 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.56 [‐0.98, ‐0.14]
14 Functioning: Cognitive ‐ 3a. Attention ‐ average endpoint score (PASAT, high score = good) 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.72 [0.22, 1.21]
14.1 medium term 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.72 [0.22, 1.21]
15 Functioning: Cognitive ‐ 3b. Vigilance and attention ‐ average endpoint score (CCPT, high score = good) 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.25 [‐0.23, 0.74]
15.1 medium term 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.25 [‐0.23, 0.74]
16 Functioning: Cognitive ‐ 3c. Memory ‐ average endpoint score (WMS, high score = good) 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.43 [‐0.06, 0.92]
16.1 medium term 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.43 [‐0.06, 0.92]
17 Functioning: Cognitive ‐ 3d. Memory ‐ average endpoint score (CMT, high score = good) 1 60 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.58 [0.06, 1.09]
17.1 short term 1 60 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.58 [0.06, 1.09]
18 Functioning: Cognitve ‐ 3e. Abstract thinking ‐ average endpoint score (BCST, high score = good) 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.09 [‐0.39, 0.58]
18.1 medium‐term 1 67 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.09 [‐0.39, 0.58]
19 Functioning: Cognitive ‐ 3f. Abstract thinking ‐ average endpoint score (WCST‐Cc, high score = good) 2   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
19.1 short term 2 90 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐0.02 [‐0.07, 0.03]
19.2 medium term 1 30 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.18 [0.33, 2.03]
20 Behaviour: 1. Average endpoint general behaviour score (NOSIE, high score = good) 2 100 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.38 [0.93, 1.84]
20.1 short term 2 100 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.38 [0.93, 1.84]
21 Behaviour: 2. Average change in general behaviour score (NOSIE, high score = good)) 1 62 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.69 [0.18, 1.20]
21.1 medium term 1 62 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.69 [0.18, 1.20]
22 Recipient of care satisfaction: Average endpoint score (CSQ, high score = good) 1 69 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.32 [‐0.16, 0.80]
22.1 medium term 1 69 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.32 [‐0.16, 0.80]
23 Quality of life: General ‐ average endpoint score (GWB, high score = good) 1 72 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.82 [1.27, 2.38]
23.1 short term 1 72 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.82 [1.27, 2.38]
24 Quality of life: Specific 1. Mental health ‐ average endpoint score (SPG, high score = good) 1 31 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.05 [‐0.66, 0.75]
24.1 short term 1 31 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.05 [‐0.66, 0.75]
25 Quality of life: Specific 2. Perceived social support ‐ average endpoint score (SSQ, high score = good) 1 72 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.73 [0.26, 1.21]
25.1 short term 1 72 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.73 [0.26, 1.21]