Gold 2013.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Blindness: blinded assessment. Duration: 3 months. Design: parallel groups.
Participants	Diagnosis: psychotic disorders, mood (affective disorders), neurotic, stress‐related and somatoform disorders, personality disorders, substance‐related mental disorders, behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances (ICD‐10). 64 patients had one or more secondary diagnoses. History: low therapy motivation. N = 144 (of whom 61 were eligible for this review). Age: 18 to 57 years. Sex: 39 M, 22 F. Setting: in‐ and outpatients.
Interventions	1. Individual music therapy sessions, 45 minutes per session, 2 sessions per week for a period of 3 months from the date of randomisation. N = 72 2. Treatment as usual. N = 72
Outcomes	General functioning: General Assessment of Function (GAF; Spitzer 2000). Mental state, negative symptoms: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; Andreasen 1982). Unable to use ‐ not used in a non‐mixed sample: Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI‐18), General Perceived Self‐Efficacy Scale (GES), Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP‐32), Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSE), SF‐36 Health Survey, University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	A computerised randomisation was conducted.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	The allocation was concealed from the clinicians and the participants.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Due to the nature of the intervention it was not possible to blind those who received music therapy or those who delivered it.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Single‐blind, assessors were masked to treatment.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	The analysis was carried out on an intention‐to‐treat basis.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Study protocol available. All outcome measures were considered in the analysis
Other bias	Low risk	Adequate music therapy method: yes. Adequate music therapy training: yes (music therapists provided music therapy in accordance with a therapy manual). No financial, personal or other interests producing bias detected.