Yang 1998.
| Methods | Allocation: randomised ‐ no further details. Blindness: unknown; assessments by two psychiatrists. Duration: 3 months. Design: parallel group. | |
| Participants | Diagnosis: schizophrenia (CCMD‐2). History: chronic, duration of disorder 2 to 26 years. N = 72. Age: range 21 to 55 years. Sex: 41 M, 29 F (reported for 70 valid cases). Setting: inpatients. | |
| Interventions | 1. Active and receptive individual and group music therapy (music listening, improvisation, discussion), 2 hours per session, 6 sessions per week (78 sessions in total). N = 41. 2. Standard care (medication only). N = 31. | |
| Outcomes | Global state: No clinically important improvement (as rated by trialists). Mental state, general: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall 1988). Mental state, negative symptoms: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; Andreasen 1982). Social functioning: Social Disability Schedule for Inpatients (SDSI; Wu 1998). Unable to use ‐ insufficient data: Present State Examination Change Rating Scale (PSE). |
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| Notes | Author unable to provide additional data. | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | No details given. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | No details given. |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Due to the nature of the intervention it was not possible to blind those who received music therapy or those who delivered it. |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | No details given. |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Two people were reported as leaving early and the reported data are based on a total number excluding those who left early. No participants with complete data were excluded. |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | No study protocol available. All outcome measures described in the study were considered in the analysis. |
| Other bias | Low risk | Adequate music therapy method: yes. Adequate music therapy training: yes (well‐known Chinese music therapist was involved in the project). No financial, personal or other interests producing bias detected. |
CCMD‐2/3 ‐ Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, second/third edition DSM‐III‐R ‐ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐III‐R F ‐ Female ICD‐10 ‐ ICD‐10: F2 – International Classification of Diseases (version 10); ‘F’ refers to large disease sub‐categories within ICD M ‐ Male SD – Standard deviation