| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Adler 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (medication versus placebo). |
| Apter 1978 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (movement therapy, dance therapy). |
| Arango 2003 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (medication). |
| Barrowclough 2001 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (treatment package versus standard care). |
| Bean 1964 | Allocation: not randomised (all received the same intervention). |
| Bechdolf 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (CBT versus supportive counselling). |
| Brotons 1987 | Allocation: unclear (unable to retrieve full report). |
| Cassity 1976 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Intervention: music therapy versus standard care. Outcomes: no usable and relevant data. |
| Castilla‐Puentes 2002 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Intervention: music therapy versus supportive talking/counselling. Outcomes: no usable data (unable to retrieve full report). |
| Ceccato 2006 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, matched groups). |
| Chambliss 1996 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening). |
| Cook 1973 | Allocation: not randomised (single case study). |
| de l'Etoile 2002 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Drury 1996 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (cognitive therapy versus structured activities and informal support). |
| Gaszner 2009 | Allocation: unclear (CCT; author was contacted but we did not receive the requested information). Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (one medication versus two or more medications versus medication and complex therapy including psychotherapy, sociotherapy, psychiatric rehabilitation). |
| Glicksohn 2000 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (only music listening). |
| Green 1987 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Interventions: not music therapy (art therapy versus standard care). |
| Grocke 2009a | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Grocke 2014 | Allocation: randomized (75 of 99). Participants: people with schizophrenia (33 of 99). Interventions: music therapy. Outcomes: not relevant (Q‐LES‐Q‐18, ENRICHD, RSE, FACIT‐Sp‐12, BSI ‐ not used in a non‐mixed sample). |
| Haimov 2012 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (listening to relaxing music). |
| Hannes 1974 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (recreational therapy/socialising). |
| Hayashi 2002 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT/comparison of 2 cohorts). |
| Hodgson 1996 | not able to retrieve information needed. |
| Hogarty 1988 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (family therapy versus standard care). |
| Hu 2004 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music‐sport therapy: music listening, Karaoke, sport activities). |
| Hustig 1990 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Ji 2013 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Intervention: group music therapy and group psychotherapy. From the design, it is not possible to separate the effects of music therapy. |
| Johnston 2002 | Allocation: not randomised (n‐of‐1‐CCT). |
| Kallert 2004 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Interventions: not music therapy (treatment package). |
| Kong 2007 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Krajewski 1993 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (CBT versus art therapy versus CBT and art therapy). |
| Leung 1998 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (Karaoke therapy versus simple singing) |
| Li 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music education, sport activities, gardening). |
| Li 2007b | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Intervention: not music therapy (modelling and behaviour training). |
| Li 2011 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: chronic schizophrenia. Intervention: not music therapy (music listening conducted by a nurse). |
| Lin 2003 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia on recovery stage. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Luo 2014 | Allocation: not randomised (cohort study). |
| Margo 1981 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Martinez 2005 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, quasi‐randomised). |
| McInnis 1990 | Allocation: not randomised (single case study). |
| Meschede 1983 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Metzner 2010 | Allocation: not randomised (single case study). |
| Moe 2000 | Allocation: not randomised (single group study). |
| Morgan 2011 | Allocation: not randomised (comparison of two consecutive cohorts). |
| Muller 2014 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with psychiatric symptoms. Intervention: not music therapy (music listening). |
| Murow 1997 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, allocation by order of intake). |
| Na 2009 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, cross‐over design). |
| Nelson 1991 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT). |
| Ni 2002 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Offer 1960 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, allocation by different diagnoses) |
| Olbrich 1990 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, allocation by order of intake). |
| Pavlicevic 1994 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, matched groups). |
| Pfeiffer 1987 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: music therapy versus standard care. Outcomes: no usable data. |
| Pierce 2004 | Allocation: not randomised (cohort study). |
| Reker 1991 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Schmuttermayer 1983 | Allocation: not randomised (single group study). |
| Silverman 2003a | Allocation: not randomised (single case study). |
| Silverman 2009 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Interventions: music therapy. Outcomes: not relevant (SWLS ‐ Satisfaction with Life Scale ‐ not used in a non‐mixed sample; AKIRI ‐ Adapted Knowledge of Illness and Resources Inventory ‐ modified published scale; patient satisfaction with care ‐ unpublished scale). |
| Silverman 2011a | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with mental disorders, no specific diagnoses available. |
| Silverman 2011b | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with mental disorders, no specific diagnoses available. |
| Silverman 2011c | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with mental disorders, no specific diagnoses available. |
| Silverman 2013 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Interventions: music therapy. Outcomes: not relevant (Stigma Scale (King et al., 2007) ‐ not used in a non‐mixed sample). |
| Silverman 2014a | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Interventions: music therapy. Outcomes: not relevant (MSPSS ‐ Quality of life: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, WFPTS ‐ Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale ‐ not used in a non‐mixed sample). |
| Silverman 2014b | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with various mental disorders. Only two had schizophrenia or related psychoses. |
| Silverman 2016 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Interventions: music therapy. Outcomes: not relevant (POMS ‐ Profile of Mood States ‐ not used in a non‐mixed sample; AKIRI ‐ Adapted Knowledge of Illness and Resources Inventory ‐ modified published scale). |
| Skelly 1952 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Song 1994 | Allocation: not randomised (groups were matched by age, sex, education, and diagnosis). |
| Steinberg 1991 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Su 1999 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (dance therapy). |
| Su 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (group psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, recreational therapy, music listening, other activities). |
| Tan 2009 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (computerised cognitive remediation therapy), active control group (treatment package including occupational therapy, recreational therapy and music therapy). |
| Tang 2002 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (brainwave generator combined with electronic music instruments) |
| Thaut 1989 | Allocation: not randomised (single group study). |
| Troice 2003 | Allocation: not randomised (single group study). |
| Vadas 2012 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: psychiatric patients, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and affective mood disorders. Intervention: not music therapy (listening to relaxing music). |
| Valencia 2006 | Allocation: not randomised to music therapy versus placebo or standard care (random allocation of participants to three active treatment conditions including music therapy; a control group (medication only) was not randomised but obtained from a waiting list). |
| Wahass 1997 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Intervention: not music therapy (treatment package). |
| Wang 2002a | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Wang 2002b | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Wang 2005 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, quasi‐randomised according to the date of entry). |
| Wang 2006 | Allocation: not randomised (CCT, quasi‐randomised according to the date of entry). |
| Wang 2007 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening, Karaoke singing by the patients, without music therapist). |
| Warren 1980 | Allocation: not randomised (all received the same stimuli within the same session); not an intervention study. |
| Wu 2000 | Allocation: not randomised (pre‐post test design). |
| Wu 2003 | Allocation: not randomised (uncontrolled pre‐post design). |
| Xiao 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Interventions: unclear if music therapy (insufficient details), and not music therapy alone (treatment package: psychotherapy, recreational therapy, music therapy versus medical treatment). |
| Yang 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (psychotherapy) versus active control group (recreational therapy: dance, music, reading, writing, drawing). |
| Zhang 2003a | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening, music appreciation, dancing). |
| Zhang 2003b | Allocation: possibly randomised, unclear. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: music therapy versus behaviour correcting therapy. |
| Zhang 2005 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (different music activities, e.g. singing, music education, dancing, watching MTV, are taking place in the patient's leisure time together with nurses who are not trained as music therapists). |
| Zhang 2010 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: refractory schizophrenia. Intervention: not music therapy (music listening played through a "music therapy" machine). |
| Zhang 2013 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia. Intervention: not music therapy (music listening only, no information of the therapist). |
| Zhao 2013 | Allocation: not randomised (case series). |
| Zhou 2003 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening). |
| Zhou 2006 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: music therapy versus active control group (music listening only). |
| Zhu 2002 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Interventions: not music therapy (music listening only). |
| Zincir 2011 | Allocation: randomised. Participants: people with schizophrenia. Intervention: group music therapy with classic Turkish music tones, no information about the music therapist. Only abstract was available, the author's contact information has not been found. |
BSI ‐ Brief Symptom Inventory CBT – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy CCT – Controlled clinical trial ENRICHD ‐ Social Support Inventory FACIT‐Sp‐12 ‐ 12‐item Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Spiritual well‐being scale MTV – Music television Q‐LES‐Q‐18 ‐ abbreviated Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire RSE ‐ Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale