Summary of findings 4. Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for BPD with post‐traumatic stress disorder (DBT‐PTSD) versus waiting list (WL) for people with borderline personality disorder.

DBT‐PTSD compared to waiting list (WL) for people with borderline personality disorder
Patient or population: patients with borderline personality disorder Settings: inpatient Intervention: DBT‐PTSD Comparison: WL
Outcomes	Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)		Relative effect (95% CI)	No of Participants (studies)	Quality of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
	Assumed risk	Corresponding risk
	Waiting list	DBT‐PTSD
BPD total severity BSL1 Follow‐up: mean 3 months	The mean BPD total severity score in the control groups was 2.26 points	The mean BPD total severity score in the intervention groups was 0.74 standard deviations lower (1.47 to 0.01 lower)		31 (1 study)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low2
Dissociation DES3 Follow‐up: mean 3 months	The mean dissociation score in the control groups was 19.99 points	The mean dissociation score in the intervention groups was 0.34 standard deviations lower (1.06 lower to 0.38 higher)		30 (1 study)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low2
*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

¹Borderline Symptom List
²Total sample size less than 100
²Dissociative Experiences Scale