Table 1:
Uptake and biodistribution of GPN in fish
| Species | Developmental stage | Probe | Application method | Concentration/volume | Detection Method | Detection time | Distributions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zebrafish (AB strain) | Two cell embryo | Fluorescein-labeled multifunctional graphene | Microinjection (single injection) | 0.1 ng/L; 10 nL | Confacal laser scanning microscopy | 72 hpf | Head, tail, yolk sac, blood vessels, brain ventricles | Goallavelli and Ling (2012) |
| Zebrafish (transgenic) Tg(kdrl:egfp) | One cell stage embryo | Alexa568-labeled nanographene oxide (NGO-A568) | Microinjection (one, two and three injections) | 250, 500 and 750 pg | Confocal microscopy | 30 and 52 hpf | Head and developing vasculature | Jeong et al. 2015 |
| Zebrafish (wild type AB) | Single cell stage embryo | TPE-TPA-FN-nanographene oxide nanoparticles (TTF-NGONP) | microinjection | 0.5 nL (calculated number of TTF-NGONP in 1 ml suspension is 1.47X1010) | 3photon luminescence (3PL) imaging | 48 h embryos and larvae | Entire body | Zhu et al. 2016 |
| Zebrafish | 4–96 hpf | Fluorescently labeled graphene quantum dots (GQD) | waterborne | 12.5 μg/mL-200 μg/mL | Fluorescence microcopy | larvae | Intestine and heart | Wang et al. 2015 |
| Zebrafish (AB strain) | Older than 24 hpf | GO hybridized with flourescein isothyocyanate (GO-FITC) (GO-F) | waterborne | GO (100 μg/mL) hybridized with FITC (1 mg/mL) | Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | After 8 min and 96 h exposure | Accumulated in the yolk sac (8 min); aggregated around the eyes, heart, yolk sac and tail (96 hpf) | Chen et al. 2015a |
| Zebrafish (wild type) | 4 hpf-7 dpf | Reduced graphene oxide quantum dots (rGOQD) (10 nm lateral size and 1 nm height) | waterborne | 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL | Fluorescence microscopy | Before and after 48 hpf | Fluorescence distributed in whole embryos during early period of development; after 48 hpf the fluorescence was distributed only in the abdominal region | Zhang et al. 2017a |
| Zebrafish (transgenic) Tg(cyp1a:gfp) | 4–120 hpf | Reduced graphene oxide quantum dots (rGOQD) | waterborne | 100 μg/mL | Fluorescence microscopy | 24–120 hpf | Whole body (trunk, tail, spine and head) | Zhang et al. 2017a |
| zebrafish | 2 hpf | 14C-lebeled few layer graphene (FLG) and sFLG | suspension | 75 μg/L | Radioactivity using LSC; TEM | 12, 24 and 48 h | Size dependent accumulation in the chorion and yolk sac (Higher accumulation of sFLG in both chorion and yolk sac than FLG) | Su et al. 2017 |
| Japanese medaka | 1 dpf | Oxidized graphene nanoribbons (O-GNRs) | suspension | 20 μg/mL | TEM | 6 days | Inside chorion | Mullick Chowdhury et al., 2014 |
| zebrafish | 4 dpf larvae | GO-FITC | 1h Suspension | 0.1,1.0 and 10 mg/L | Fluorescence microscopy | 4 dpf | Mouth, yolk sac, cardiac region, tail blood | Zhang et al. 2017b |
| Zebrafish | 72 hpf larvae | graphene | waterborne | 0.01–1.0 μg/L | High resolution TEM (HRTEM) and Raman Spectra | 96 hpf | Brain and intestine | Ren et al., 2016 |
| Zebrafish (AB strain) | Adult (3 months old) | S-FLG; L-FLG (14C labeled)with and without natural organic matter (NOM) | 50, 75 and 250 μg/L | Body burden and Histology |
4,12, 24, 48, and 72 h | 250 μg/L showed that maximum accumulation was reached at 48h for both L-FLG and S-FLGl. Accumulation of L-FLG occurred in the gut; S-FLG in both gut and liver as well as in the intestinal epithelial cells and blood. | Lu et al. 2017 |