Table 1.

The Estimated Economic Costs Relating to CHVs’ Unpaid Time for Mass Drug Administration Programs

Study	Country	Method/Approach	Assumed Shadow Wage Rate	Average Economic Cost of CHVs’ Unpaid Time (Nominal Prices)	Year of Prices
[25]	Ghana	Opportunity cost	Agricultural wage (equivalent to the minimum wage in the study setting)	US$0.046 per treatment	2011
[48]	Nigeria	Opportunity cost	Minimum wage	US$0.125 per treatment	1998
[26]	Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda	Opportunity cost	GNI	Overall average: US$0.16 per treatment ○ Nigeria: US$0.13 per treatment ○ Uganda: US$0.16 per treatment ○ Cameroon: US$0.35 per treatment	2003
[39]	Niger	Opportunity cost	Agricultural wage	US$0.05–0.07 per treatment	2005
[24]	Uganda	Opportunity cost	Laborer wage, minimum wage, GNI.	The average cost per CHV for one delivery round: ○ Laborer wage: US$28.06 ○ Minimum wage: US$20.25 ○ GNI: US$38.58 Assuming 70% treatment coverage this would correspond to: ○ Laborer wage: US$0.08 per treatment ○ Minimum wage: US$0.06 per treatment ○ GNI: US$0.11 per treatment	2010
[3]	Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda	Opportunity cost	Minimum wage	US$44 per community treated. Assuming an average community size of 884 peoplea and a 70% treatment coverage, would correspond to an average of US$0.071 per treatment. The total cost per community was observed to vary substantially across the different study sites.	2005
[49]	Niger	Opportunity cost	Agricultural wage	The data pertaining to CHVs alone was not shown.	-
[50]	The Philippines	Replacement cost	The average allowance typically provided to volunteer health workers	The data pertaining to CHVs alone was not shown.	-

Abbreviations: CHV, community health volunteers; GNI, gross national income.

^a Based on Kim et al. [28]. Nominal prices: The values have not been adjusted for inflation.