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. 2019 Apr 24;5(4):eaav4707. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4707

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Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 3 — (A1) JJJ clean air policy impact, (B1) effect of outsourced emissions, and (C1) without outsourced emissions. (A2, B2, and C2) Maps zooming into the JJJ region. All figures include effects from changes in production and atmospheric transport of pollutants. Results are shown for monthly mean concentration of surface PM_2.5 in January. The color scale is nonlinear to better present the wide range of impacts over different regions. The ambient PM_2.5 concentration across China is simulated by the GEOS-Chem model using emissions under BAU, JJJ clean air policy scenario (AP), and outsourcing effects (OS) scenario (table S5). (A1) AP shows the overall changes of PM_2.5 concentration due to the impacts of the JJJ clean air policy. (B1) OS shows the increase in PM_2.5 concentration due to outsourcing, i.e., increase in production and pollution in the rest of China and associated atmospheric transport of pollution. (C1) AP without outsourcing illustrates the reduction in PM_2.5 concentration due to the JJJ clean air policy without taking into consideration outsourcing of emissions to other regions in China.