TABLE 3:

Published reports of percutaneous liver biopsy complications in children that include pediatric liver transplant recipients, 2000–2018

Author, year	Number of biopsies	Biopsy method	Prevalence of complications16		Types of complication
			Minor	Major
Post-transplant liver biopsies, all for-cause
Mandal 20149	219	IR, US-guided Cutting needle	N/A	0.91%	Major: 2 bleeds requiring transfusion
Sornsakrin 201010	120	IR,US-marked Suction needle	3.3%	1.7%	Minor: sedation-related, self-limited bleed Major: 1 bile leak/peritonitis, 1 abscess
All percutaneous liver biopsies
Bolia 201711	626 163 post-LT	IR: US-guided GI:US-marked	2.7%	2.1%	Minor: self-limited bleed Major: fever (5), hemobilia (2), bleeding (3; 2 transfused), gelfoam anaphylaxis (2), sepsis (1)
Bilreiro 201712	228 127 post-LT	US-guided Needle N/A	11.8% 0.8% post-LT	0%	Minor: self-limited bleed
Almeida 201725	163	N/A	66%	0%	Minor: pain, self-limited bleeds
Govender 201313	597 111 post-LT	IR US-guided Cutting needle	8.2%	1.7%	Minor: self-limited bleed, pain, sedation-related Major: bleeding (9; 5 transfused), pneumothorax (1), fever requiring antibiotics (1)
Short 201326	328 31 post-LT	IR US-guided Cutting needle	8.2%	2.4%	Minor: pain, self-limited bleed, sedation-related, 1 ascites leak Major: bleed requiring transfusion (6), hemorrhagic shock/death (1), infection (1)
Westheim 2012, 201327, 28	311 114 post-LT	IR US-guided Cutting needle	25% 18% post-LT	1.3% 0.9% post-LT	Minor: self-limited bleed, pain, sedation-related, 2 asymptomatic AV fistulas Major: 3 bleeds (1 in post-LT on LMWH, 2 surgeries, 1 transfused)
Potter 201129	294 28 post-LT	IR US-guided Cutting needle	0.34%	1.0%	Minor: 1 self-resolving pneumothorax Major: 2 bleeds (2 transfused, both with bone marrow failure), 1 sepsis in post-LT
Schiemann 200030	249 140 post-LT	+/− US-guided Needle varied	4.4%	2.4% 3.6% post-LT	Minor: pain, fever, sedation-related, rash Major: hemothorax (3), bleed requiring surgery (3) with 1 death (child with HUS)