. 2019 Apr 18;10:395. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00395

Table 2.

Cardiopulmonary outcomes during normoxia and hypoxia exposures in swine.

Treatment	Time (FiO₂)
	0–30 (0.21)	35–60 (0.21)	65–90 (0.21)	95–120 (0.10)	125–150 (0.10)	155–180 (0.10)	185–210 (0.10)	215–240 (0.21)
Heart Rate (bpm)		% change from baseline
VEH	104.54 ± 9.72	15.28 ± 8.15	20.95 ± 9.84	47.57 ± 16.98^‡	57.84 ± 16.08^‡	58.26 ± 38.74^‡	73.99 ± 34.55^‡	73.01 ± 29.90^‡
5-HMF-20	100.67 ± 15.99	4.12 ± 15.74	-0.18 ± 13.08^#	20.58 ± 11.46^∗	33.54 ± 16.08^#	60.93 ± 32.27^‡	81.02 ± 35.75^‡	77.91 ± 43.94^‡
5-HMF-40	107.21 ± 26.76	4.96 ± 9.66^#	4.06 ± 16.31^∗	39.71 ± 26.10^‡	53.60 ± 37.51^‡	72.27 ± 29.71^‡	99.60 ± 17.26^‡	96.09 ± 13.16^‡
Cardiac Output (L/min)		% change from baseline
VEH	6.07 ± 1.09	6.79 ± 11.98	−0.52 ± 14.74	26.56 ± 27.16	47.59 ± 27.72^‡	48.38 ± 20.05^‡	45.89 ± 26.09^‡	34.99 ± 4.87
5-HMF-20	4.76 ± 1.09	−0.64 ± 14.97	−1.29 ± 18.92	1.07 ± 16.83^#	29.89 ± 22.59	48.54 ± 31.15^‡	63.86 ± 42.80^‡	36.97 ± 21.59^‡
5-HMF-40	5.74 ± 1.15	9.34 ± 18.39	2.11 ± 22.37	9.68 ± 18.14^#	24.94 ± 23.30	42.55 ± 22.25^‡	50.47 ± 31.91^‡	34.92 ± 28.21^‡
Stroke Volume (mL)		% change from baseline
VEH	58.11 ± 9.69	−6.79 ± 14.06	−17.42 ± 12.69	−13.70 ± 15.85	−5.68 ± 15.48	−8.33 ± 23.29	−12.82 ± 21.97	−20.55 ± 12.28
5-HMF-20	47.67 ± 10.3	−2.92 ± 19.81	0.01 ± 16.37	−16.44 ± 15.82	−0.71 ± 19.86	−6.76 ± 11.83	−10.89 ± 14.05	−21.44 ± 16.36
5-HMF-40	56.08 ± 15.73	4.02 ± 15.35	−1.80 ± 17.58	−20.59 ± 14.18^‡	−16.32 ± 17.73^‡	−16.18 ± 11.28^‡	−24.99 ± 15.08^‡	−30.33 ± 19.17^‡
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mmHg)		% change from baseline
VEH	21 ± 5.25	9.49 ± 15.62	13.07 ± 17.53	80.37 ± 29.42^‡	64.29 ± 30.03^‡	77.15 ± 51.13^‡	91.39 ± 47.33^‡	45.52 ± 36.50
5-HMF-20	24.41 ± 7.24	1.30 ± 14.92	−2.81 ± 18.83	45.07 ± 28.13^#‡	42.66 ± 26.26^‡	45.86 ± 28.94^‡	43.33 ± 25.54^∗‡	13.28 ± 26.93
5-HMF-40	24 ± 5	5.07 ± 10.13	4.50 ± 18.12	44.16 ± 21.04^#‡	41.03 ± 16.37^‡	46.22 ± 21.03^‡	49.35 ± 15.35^‡	28.25 ± 19.96^‡
Mean Arterial Pressure (mmHg)		% change from baseline
VEH	95.96 ± 14.69	10.21 ± 10.67	11.75 ± 15.24	19.95 ± 33.30	16.01 ± 25.39	1.01 ± 17.03	−2.64 ± 41.69	−12.33 ± 0.00
5-HMF-20	110.43 ± 24.23	4.13 ± 11.36	5.72 ± 14.86	−4.16 ± 19.42	0.57 ± 20.15	−2.22 ± 24.76	−6.78 ± 33.65	−17.87 ± 15.62
5-HMF-40	103.79 ± 9.27	5.46 ± 4.50	4.34 ± 3.29	1.13 ± 18.55	0.14 ± 33.85	−10.12 ± 37.65	−1.12 ± 6.74	−17.21 ± 1.34
Arterial O₂ Saturation (%)		% change from baseline
VEH	95.68 ± 3.17	−2.37 ± 3.55	−4.06 ± 5.16	−39.13 ± 2.50^‡	−39.5 ± 8.66‡	−38.40 ± 6.20‡	−40.04 ± 7.67‡	−8.15 ± 10.07
5-HMF-20	96.08 ± 1.91	−0.49 ± 1.56	−1.34 ± 1.51	−30.77 ± 3.92^∗‡	−33.01 ± 7.2‡	−31.74 ± 8.83‡	−28.8 ± 6.01^∗‡	−2.03 ± 2.25
5-HMF-40	96.06 ± 1.94	−2.21 ± 2.01	−1.91 ± 2.69	−33.11 ± 2.62^∗‡	−31.88 ± 9.86‡	−33.31 ± 7.72‡	−27.96 ± 9.35^∗‡	−2.00 ± 3.77
Venous O₂ Saturation (%)		% change from baseline
VEH	65.35 ± 11.72	4.17 ± 15.6	1.92 ± 16.26	−69.41 ± 16.87‡	−69.83 ± 15.91‡	−70.97 ± 16.73‡	−56.61 ± 25.82‡	−0.13 ± 1.63
5-HMF-20	70.26 ± 5.8	−3.40 ± 6.91	−0.10 ± 6.17	−34.78 ± 12.76^∗‡	−43.51 ± 25.17‡	−38.05 ± 26.35‡	−38.41 ± 27.76‡	5.29 ± 12.22
5-HMF-40	68.24 ± 7.22	−2.65 ± 8.55	−6.36 ± 8.51	−44.81 ± 11.35‡	−63.69 ± 23.23‡	−52.09 ± 22.76‡	−61.31 ± 29.39‡	5.13 ± 5.61

Groups: VEH (100 ml NS), 5-HMF-20 (20 mg/kg 5-HMF dissolved in 100 ml NS) and 5-HMF-40 (40 mg/kg 5-HMF dissolved in 100 ml NS). FiO₂, FiO₂, Fraction of Inspired Oxygen. Baseline absolute values in column with gray background and percentage change from baseline in remaining columns ± SD. ^∗ vs. VEH (same time point; p ≤ 0.05); ^# vs. VEH (same time point; p ≤ 0.01); ^‡ vs. baseline (p ≤ 0.05).