. 2019 Apr 18;10:395. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00395

Table 3.

Effect of 5-HMF on arterial and venous blood gas outcomes during normoxia and hypoxia exposures in swine.

Treatment	Arterial Blood Gas					Venous Blood Gas
	Time (FiO₂)
	30 (0.21)	90 (0.21)	150 (0.10)	210 (0.10)	240 (0.21)	30 (0.21)	90 (0.21)	150 (0.10)	210 (0.10)	240 (0.21)
	pH	% change from baseline				pH	% change from baseline
VEH	7.45 ± 0.02	−0.35 ± 0.32	−1.05 ± 1.28	−1.43 ± 0.71	−1.06 ± 1.15	7.42 ± 0.02	−0.44 ± 0.47	−0.56 ± 0.69	−1.15 ± 0.78	−0.11 ± 0.00
5-HMF-20	7.42 ± 0.04	0.10 ± 0.30^∗	−0.18 ± 0.74	−0.98 ± 1.40	−1.36 ± 1.24^‡	7.38 ± 0.04	−0.15 ± 0.37	−0.98 ± 1.74	−0.92 ± 1.90	−1.23 ± 1.74
5-HMF-40	7.44 ± 0.04	−0.01 ± 0.45	−0.92 ± 1.06	−1.12 ± 1.32	−2.29 ± 1.07^‡	7.4 ± 0.03	−0.13 ± 0.11	−0.81 ± 0.91	−1.29 ± 0.77^‡	−1.79 ± 0.15^‡
	pCO₂ (mmHg)	% change from baseline				pCO₂ (mmHg)	% change from baseline
VEH	43.53 ± 3.56	−0.96 ± 6.54	−39.49 ± 8.99^‡	−40.16 ± 11.51^‡	−36.53 ± 3.94^‡	48.6 ± 3.95	3.31 ± 12.50	−30.05 ± 9.72^‡	−30.25 ± 4.50	−33.77 ± 0.00^‡
5-HMF-20	43.76 ± 3.31	−5.13 ± 6.01	−33.6 ± 6.44^‡	−43.55 ± 7.53^‡	−38.65 ± 8.65^‡	52.05 ± 1.93	−3.72 ± 3.49	−34.99 ± 2.77^‡	−43.05 ± 4.77^∗‡	−40.73 ± 10.76^‡
5-HMF-40	43.8 ± 2.66	−7.58 ± 5.47	−35.31 ± 6.85^‡	−36.84 ± 6.32^‡	−34.52 ± 16.15^‡	49.8 ± 2.86	−4.82 ± 5.81	−29.24 ± 8.38^‡	−39.23 ± 4.86^‡	−47.92 ± 24.87^‡
	pO₂ (mmHg)	% change from baseline				pO₂ (mmHg)	% change from baseline
VEH	85.78 ± 10.34	−8.58 ± 7.82	−69.03 ± 2.8^‡	−64.69 ± 2.30^‡	−26.02 ± 35.03	41.8 ± 3.37	−7.66 ± 7.39	−53.6 ± 21.28^‡	−54.41 ± 7.99^‡	−29.36 ± 0.00
5-HMF-20	83.53 ± 10.46	−1.92 ± 13.91	−65.49 ± 3.79^‡	−59.14 ± 9.04^‡	7.64 ± 10.66^∗	41 ± 3.62	−13.29 ± 5.39	−56.63 ± 7.64^‡	−51.85 ± 11.91^‡	−5.96 ± 22.70
5-HMF-40	95.9 ± 25.95	−13.11 ± 14.53	−69.85 ± 7.28^‡	−72.88 ± 5.91^&‡	−20.99 ± 15.39^&	40.07 ± 4.23	−7.48 ± 5.57	−62.45 ± 5.99^‡	−58.71 ± 6.20^‡	24.89 ± 7.74
	SO₂ (mmHg)	% change from baseline				SO₂ (mmHg)	% change from baseline
VEH	96.17 ± 3.62	−2.68 ± 4.44	−59.6 ± 8.57^‡	−51.33 ± 3.12^‡	−13.15 ± 21.89	67.4 ± 4.33	−11.78 ± 9.40	−68.94 ± 18.86^‡	−74.09 ± 6.51^‡	−39.86 ± 0.00
5-HMF-20	95.37 ± 2.21	−0.43 ± 3.18	−52.92 ± 8.61^‡	−49.87 ± 14.28^‡	0.45 ± 2.21	64.42 ± 6.49	−14.99 ± 6.71	−73.53 ± 4.21^‡	−70.91 ± 7.84^‡	−2.71 ± 16.62
5-HMF-40	96.23 ± 1.8	−1.36 ± 1.57	−61.04 ± 5.87^‡	−64.7 ± 4.60^‡	−6.32 ± 7.17	63.34 ± 5.77	−11.02 ± 6.83	−80.32 ± 2.71^‡	−78.16 ± 6.17^‡	10.17 ± 7.42^‡

Groups: VEH (100 ml NS), 5-HMF-20 (20 mg/kg 5HMF dissolved in 100 ml NS) and 5-HMF-40 (40 mg/kg 5HMF dissolved in 100 ml NS). FiO₂, FiO₂, Fraction of Inspired Oxygen. Baseline absolute values in column with gray background and percentage change from baseline in remaining columns ± SD. ^∗ vs. VEH (p ≤ 0.05); ^# vs. VEH (p ≤ 0.01); ^& vs. 20 mg/kg 5-HMF (p ≤ 0.05); ^‡ vs. baseline (p ≤ 0.05).