Skip to main content
. 2019 Apr 18;10:774. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00774

Table 2.

Meta-analyses of individual and contextual factors for loneliness among left-behind children.

Effect sizes Heterogeneity Publication bias
k r 95% CI Z p Q p I2 τ2 Fail-safe N Eggers test two-tailed p
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
Gender(boy) 20 0.07 [0.03, 0.11] 3.13 0.002 55.63 0.000 68.84 0.01 106 0.50
Older age 2 −0.14 [−0.22, −0.05] −3.14 0.002 0.175 0.68 0.00 0.000 n/a n/a
Self-esteem 9 −0.42 [−0.51, −0.33] −8.30 0.000 71.68 0.000 88.84 0.02 1,409 0.64
Resilience 4 −0.37 [−0.48, −0.24] −5.54 0.000 30.84 0.000 90.27 0.02 295 0.09
Extroversion 2 −0.40 [−0.48, −0.32] −8.79 0.000 0.25 0.62 0.00 0.000 n/a n/a
Social anxiety 3 0.49 [0.43, 0.55] 13.49 0.000 3.72 0.16 46.21 0.002 279 0.72
CONTEXTUAL FACTORS
Family functioning 6 −0.27 [−0.33, −0.21] −8.33 0.000 11.57 0.04 56.80 0.003 258 0.43
Parent-child relationship 4 −0.31 [−0.36, −0.25] −10.19 0.000 0.33 0.95 0.00 0.000 101 0.77
Both-parent migration 19 0.004 [−0.02, 0.03] 0.33 0.74 16.21 0.58 0.00 0.000 0 0.73
Mother-only migration 5 −0.02 [−0.11,0.14] 0.25 0.81 18.85 0.001 78.78 0.016 0 0.97
Peer relationship 9 −0.45 [−0.56, −0.31] −5.81 0.000 137.63 0.000 94.19 0.06 1,337 0.88
Social support 8 −0.40 [−0.50, −0.28] −6.15 0.000 91.87 0.000 92.38 0.03 1,072 0.28

k, number of studies; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals around the effect size.