Table 1.
Factors produced by immune cells influencing osteoblast activity.
| Factor | Source | Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-11 | Bone marrow stromal cells | Increase osteoblast activity | (19) |
| IL-6 | Bone marrow stromal cells, osteoblasts, macrophages, muscle tissue, fibroblasts | Reduce osteoblast differentiation and activity | (20, 21) |
| IFN-γ | T-cells, NK-cells | Increase osteoblast activity | (22, 23) |
| IL-17F | Th17 cells | Increase osteoblast activity | (24, 25) |
| IL-15 | PG-stimulated stromal cells, NK-cells | Reduce viability, increase apoptosis | (26) |
| OSM | B-cells | Increase osteoblast activity | (27) |