Table 2.
Secreted and membrane-bound immune factors promoting osteoclastogenesis.
| Factor | Source | References |
|---|---|---|
| RANKL | Osteoblasts, osteocytes, neutrophils, sinoviocytes, T-cells | (28, 37, 49) |
| OPG | Osteoblasts, B-cells | (35, 50) |
| M-CSF | Osteoblasts, activated T-cells | (6, 51, 52) |
| TNFα | Activated leucocytes | (11, 12) |
| IL-1α,−1β | Activated leucocytes, osteoblasts, synoviocytes, endothelial cells | (53) |
| IL-7 | Osteoblasts, bone marrow stromal cells, leucocytes | (53) |
| IL-8 | Activated leucocytes | (53) |
| IL-11 | Bone marrow stromal cells | (19) |
| IL-23 | Dendritic cells, Th17 T-cells | (24, 54) |
| IL-34 | Dendritic cells, Th17 T-cells, synoviocytes, osteoblasts | (24, 53) |
| Prostaglandins | Bone marrow and bone cells | (55) |
| SOFAT | T-cells | (56) |
| IL-6 | Bone marrow stromal cells, osteoblasts, macrophages, muscle tissue, fibroblasts | (19–21, 57, 58) |
| IFN-γ | T-cells, NK-cells | (22, 23) |
| IL-17A | Th17 cells | (24, 59, 60) |
| IL-15 | PG-stimulated stromal cells, NK-cells | (26) |