Table 3.

Summary of studies relevant to the risk of cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients

Area of study	Types of studies	Reference number
Traditional cardiovascular risk factors
Hypertension	Observational–prospective Observational–cross-sectional Observational–retrospective	20 19 18, 22, 23
Diabetes mellitus	Registry data Observational–retrospective Consensus meeting	27 28, 29, 30 32
Dyslipidaemia	Observational–retrospective Double-blind RCT Post-hoc analysis of RCT	15, 28 12, 39 37
Smoking	Observational–retrospective Post-hoc analysis of RCT	40 41
Obesity	Systematic review Observational–prospective Observational–retrospective Registry study	44 46 45, 47, 48 43
Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors
Renal impairment	Nested case-control within RCT Post-hoc analysis of RCT	49 50
Proteinuria	Systematic review Meta-analysis Observational–retrospective	54 55 53, 56
Left ventricular hypertrophy	Double-blind RCT Observational–prospective Observational–retrospective	62 61 57
Anaemia	Systematic review Observational–retrospective	54 57
Acute rejection	Observational–retrospective	15, 64
Immunosuppression-related cardiovascular risk
Belatacept use	Systematic review Observational–retrospective	66 65
Cardiovascular risk prediction
Renal transplant recipients	Systematic review Observational–prospective Observational–retrospective Validation on RCT data	71 69 64, 67, 68, 70 72, 73
Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease	Post-hoc analysis of RCT Meta-analysis Observational–prospective	80 75, 76, 77 78, 79