Table 2.
Application of TCM monomers in the treatment of acute kidney injury.
| Names | Origins | Models | Functions | Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpinetin | Alpinia katsumadai Hayata | LPS-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammation. | By enhancing Nrf2 and HO-1 (Huang et al., 2015) |
| Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) | Astragaloside | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Inhibiting oxidative damage and inflammatory response. | By activation of Nrf2 and suppression of NF-κB activation (Yan et al., 2017) |
| Astaxanthin (ATX) | Carotenoid in marine organisms | I/R, As2O3, HgCl2-induced AKI | Antioxidant activity; Inhibiting apoptosis. | By Akt/Bad/caspases pathway (Augusti et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2014; Guo et al., 2015; Qiu et al., 2015) |
| Baicalin | Scutellaria baicalensis | H2O2, -induced AKI | Blocking oxidative stress, ER stress and apoptosis. | By activating Nrf2 signaling (Lin et al., 2014) |
| Pb, pediatric sepsis – induced AKI | Zhang Z. et al., 2017 | |||
| I/R-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. | By inhibiting TLR2/4 and mitochondrial stress (Ji et al., 2014) | ||
| LPS-induced AKI | By activating PPARγ and inhibiting NF-κB (Lim et al., 2012) | |||
| Breviscapine | Erigeron breviscapus | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. | By decreasing MDA, SOD, increasing glutathione peroxidase levels (Lou et al., 2015) |
| Chlorogenic Acid | Plant polyphenols | LPS-induced AKI | Suppressing inflammation. | By inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway (Ye et al., 2017) |
| Cordyceps sinensis (CS) | An entomogenous fungus | I/R-induced renal injury | Inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. | By modulating SDF-1/CXCR4-signaling, reducing TLR-4,increasing HIF-1α (Zhou and Hu, 2010; Yu et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013) |
| LPS-induced AKI | Reducing autophagy and apoptosis. | By reducing ED-1, GRP78 (Wu et al., 2011) | ||
| (CSP) | Cordyceps sobolifera | CsA – induced AKI | Suppressing apoptosis. | By enhancing TRMP6 and TRMP7 (Chyau et al., 2014) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa | Rhabdomyolysis (RM)-induced AKI | Reducing renal oxidative stress. | By inhibiting AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 (Wu et al., 2017) |
| I/R-induced AKI | By NMDA receptor antagonism (Kaur et al., 2016) | |||
| Glycerol-induced AKI | Ameliorating cell apoptosis. | By activating the PI3K/Akt pathway (Wu et al., 2017) | ||
| Cisplatin-induced AKI | Preventing renal alterations. Inhibiting inflammatory. | By preventing mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamic and SIRT3 levels (Ortega-Dominguez et al., 2017). By inhibiting Mincle-maintained M1 macrophage phenotype (Tan et al., 2019) | ||
| Emodin | Rheum palmatum | LPS-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory. | By inhibiting TLR2 (Li et al., 2015) or TLR4 (Zhu et al., 2012) |
| Cisplatin-induced AKI | Inhibiting apoptosis and activating autophagy. | By modulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling (Liu et al., 2016) | ||
| Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | Green tea | Contrast-induced AKI | Alleviating apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. | By increasing HO-1 and Nrf2 (Gao Z. et al., 2016) |
| I/R, Cisplatin -induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory, Decreasing oxidative/nitrative stress. | By activating HO-1 (Sahin et al., 2010; Lv et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2015) | ||
| Inhibiting apoptosis. | By preventing ERK (Zou et al., 2014) | |||
| Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd) | Panax ginseng | I/R-induced AKI | Suppressing inflammatory. | By inhibiting oxygen free radicals (Ye et al., 2011) |
| Cisplatin-induced AKI | Decreasing apoptosis. | Yokozawa and Liu, 2000 | ||
| Glycerol-induced AKI | Reducing renal oxidative stress. | Zhou et al., 2014 | ||
| (Rb1, Rg1) | I/R-induced AKI | Reducing apoptosis. | Zhu et al., 2009 | |
| (Rg1) | Aldosterone- induced AKI | Reducing oxidative stress and autophagy. | By decreasing AMPK/mTOR pathway (Wang et al., 2015) | |
| (Ginsenoside Rg3) | Panax ginseng | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Decreasing apoptosis. | By blocking the JNK-p53-caspase-3 signaling (Han et al., 2016) |
| LPS-induced AKI | Decreasing inflammatory. | By inhibiting NF-κB (Kang et al., 2007) | ||
| Esculentoside A (EsA) | Phytolacca esculenta | LPS-induced AKI | Alleviating inflammation. | By activating PPAR-γ (Chen et al., 2017) |
| Puncture-induced AKI | By regulating the TLR4/MyD88/HMGB1 signaling pathway (Sun et al., 2017) | |||
| Galangin | Propolis and Alpinia officinarum | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. | By inhibiting ERK, NF-κB and RIPK1-mediated necroptosis signaling pathways (Huang et al., 2017) |
| Ginkgetin aglycone (GA) | Ginkgo biloba extract | LPS-induced AKI | Decreasing inflammatory. | By activating SIRT1 via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway (Zhang J. et al., 2017) |
| Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) | Ingredient in licorice | LPS-induced renal injury | Inhibiting cell apoptosis, oxidative stress. | By activating ERK and inhibiting NF-κB (Zhao et al., 2016) |
| I/R-induced renal injury | Reducing tubular necrosis. | By inhibiting HMGB1 and enhancing Nrf2 (Lau et al., 2014) | ||
| (GA, 18βGA) | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Inhibiting renal tubular epithelial cells apoptosis. | By enhancing BMP-7 epigenetically through targeting HDAC2 (Ma et al., 2016) | |
| Alleviating oxidative status and inflammatory. | Arjumand and Sultana, 2011; Wu et al., 2015 | |||
| Gypenoside (GP) | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | I/R-induced renal injury | Attenuating inflammatory and oxidative stress. | By inhibiting ERK signaling (Ye et al., 2016) |
| Hyperin | Ericaceae, Guttifera, and Celastraceae | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory. | By inhibiting NF-κB and activating nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 signaling pathways (Chao et al., 2016) |
| Honokiol | Magnolia officinalis | LPS-induced AKI | Inhibition of oxidative stress and Inflammation. | By inhibiting TLR2/4/MyD88 signaling pathway (Xia et al., 2019) |
| Isoacteoside (ISO) | Monochasma savatieri | LPS-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory. | By inhibiting TLR4 dimerization to activate the MyD88-TAK1- NF-κB/MAPK signaling cascades and TRIF pathway (Gao et al., 2017) |
| Leonurine (LEO) | Leonurus cardiaca | LPS-induced renal injury | Inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress. | By down-regulating NF-κB (Xu et al., 2014) |
| Ligustrazine (LIG) | Ligusticum wallichii Franch. | Cisplatin/I/R-induced renal injury | Down-regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis, decreasing neutrophils infiltration. | Liu et al., 2008; Feng et al., 2011 |
| Pancreatitis-induced AKI | Improving renal function. | By improve microcirculatory disorder (MCD) (Zhang et al., 2006) | ||
| Loganetin | Loganin | Rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI | Improving renal function. | By inhibiting TLR4 activity and blocking the JNK/p38 pathway (Li et al., 2019) |
| Luteolin | Celery, Green pepper, and Chamomile | D-galactose-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory and oxidative stress. | By suppressing phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (Xu et al., 2015) |
| Cisplatin-induced AKI | Alleviating inflammation. | By inhibiting NF-κB (Domitrovic et al., 2013) | ||
| Decreasing apoptosis. | By decreasing p53 (Kang et al., 2011) | |||
| Nerolidol | Essential oils | LPS-induced AKI | Alleviating inflammation. | By inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway (Zhang L. et al., 2017) |
| Osthole | Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson fruit | LPS-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammation. | By down-regulating NF-κB pathway (Yu et al., 2017) |
| I/R-induced renal injury | Abrogating inflammation. | By suppressing JAK2/STAT3 signaling, NF-κB and activating PI3K/Akt signaling (Luo et al., 2016) | ||
| Pachymic acid (PA) | A lanostane-type triterpenoid from Poria cocos | Sepsis-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory function and antioxidant effect via. | By activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway (Cai et al., 2017) |
| Paeonol | Paeonia moutan Sims | Endotoxin-induced AKI | Alleviating inflammation. | By inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway (Fan et al., 2016) |
| Panax quinquefolius (PQS) | Panax quinquefolius | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. | By inhibiting Nox4-iNOS, NF-κB-COX-2, and caspase3/9 (Ma et al., 2017) |
| Paeoniflorin (PF) | Radix Paeoniae Rubra | Pancreatitis-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis. | By inhibiting NF-κB (Wang et al., 2016) |
| ConA-induced renal injury | Attenuating inflammatory response. | By inhibiting CXCR3/CXCL11 (Liu C. et al., 2015) | ||
| Panaxadiol Saponin (PDS) | Ginseng stem and leaves | LPS-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress. | By blocking NF-κB pathway (Chen Y. et al., 2015) |
| Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) | Panax notoginseng | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Reducing renal tissue apoptosis. | By inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis (Liu et al., 2014) |
| Increasing mitochondrial autophagy. | By enhancing HIF-1α/BNIP3 (Liu X. et al., 2015) | |||
| Notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) | I/R-induced renal injury | Blocking apoptosis and inflammatory response. | By suppressing p38 and NF-κB (Liu et al., 2010) | |
| Polydatin (PD) | Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. | I/R, Sepsis-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory response | By regulating TLR4/NF-κB and enhancing PI3K/Akt (Liu H. et al., 2015) |
| Protocatechuic Aldehyde (PA) | Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Suppressing Nox-mediated oxidative stress and renal inflammation. | By suppressing Nox-mediated oxidative stress targeting RIPK1-mediated necroptosis (Gao L. et al., 2016) |
| Quercetin (QC) | Bioflavonoids in the plant kingdom | I/R-induced AKI | Activating autophagy | By increasing AMPK (Chen et al., 2014) |
| HgCl2-induced AKI | Limiting apoptosis. | Shin et al., 2015 | ||
| Cisplatin-induced AKI | Decreasing cell necrosis and inflammatory. | By inhibiting NF-κB (Francescato et al., 2004) | ||
| RA-X II | Rubia yunnanensis | LPS-induced AKI | Inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory. | By suppressing NF-κB and MAPKs regulated by HO-1/Nrf2 pathway (An and Shang, 2018) |
| Resveratrol (RSV) | Grapes and red wine | LPS-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory response. | By NF-B-P65 de-acetylation (Gan et al., 2017), SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of SOD2 (Xu et al., 2016), inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress (IRE1)-activated NF-κB pathway (Wang et al., 2017) and via the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway (Wang et al., 2018) |
| Cisplatin-induced AKI | Suppressing inflammation and apoptosis. | By activating SIRT1 through deacetylating p53 (Kim et al., 2011) | ||
| Glycerol-induced AKI | Suppressing inflammatory and lipid peroxidation. | By decreasing NF-κB and HO-1 (de Jesus Soares et al., 2007) | ||
| (RSVA405 RSVA314) | As2O3, I/R -induced AKI | Antagonizing oxidative stress. | Holthoff et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2013 | |
| Tanshinone I | Salvia miltiorrhiza | AAI-induced renal injury | Inducing apoptosis and autophagy. | By inducing Atg5 (Feng et al., 2013) |
| Tanshinone IIA | Folic Acid-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory response. | Jiang et al., 2016 | |
| Tenuigenin (TNG) | Polygala tenuifolia | LPS-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory response. | Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway (Fu et al., 2016) |
| Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) | Ligusticum wallichii Franch. | Arsenic, Cisplatin-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress. | By down-regulating HO-1 and ARS2 (Gong et al., 2016) |
| Gentamicin-induced AKI | Inhibiting inflammatory and apoptosis. | By enhancing Hax-1 and HO-1 (Sue et al., 2009) | ||
| Sodium arsenite-induced AKI | Suppressing ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory. | By suppressing programmed cell death (Gong et al., 2015) | ||
| Contrast-induced AKI | Suppressing autophagy and apoptosis. | By suppressing p38 MAPK and targeting FoxO1 (Gong et al., 2013) | ||
| I/R-induced renal injury | Alleviating histopathological damage. | By down-regulating P-selectin (Chen et al., 2003) | ||
| Triptolide (PG490-88) | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Decreasing cell necrosis. | By decreasing phosphorylation of ERK (Kim et al., 2014) |
| Wogonin | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Attenuating inflammatory response. | By targeting RIPK1-mediated necroptosis (Meng et al., 2018) |