Table 3.

Application of TCM monomers which can induce acute kidney injury.

Names	Origins	Functions	Mechanisms
Aristolochia acids (AA)	Aristolochia species	Increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory	Increasing Nox2 and reducing NO bioavailability (Sato et al., 2004; Debelle et al., 2008)
Andrographide	A herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae	Promoting cell necrosis	Unclear (Zhang et al., 2014)
Sciadopitysin	Taxus celebica	Inducing acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis	(Lin and Ho, 1994)
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f	Accelerating oxidative stress and inducing apoptosis	Inducing production of ROS (Yang et al., 2012)