Table 1. Cytokines alteration in morphine tolerance.
| Cytokine/chemokine | Sites | Cell Type | Changes in Morphine Tolerance | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1/IL-1β | spinal cord lumbosacral CSF (rats) DRG |
microglia, astrocytes NR |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
[56, 73, 87] [36, 40] [96] |
| TNF-α | spinal cord PAG |
microglia, astrocytes NR |
↑ ↑ |
[73, 87] [25] |
| IL-6 | spinal cord DRG |
microglia, astrocytes NR |
↑ ↑ |
[73, 87] [96] |
| CX3CL1/ fractalkine | spinal cord PAG CSF(human) |
neuron,glial cell NR |
→ NR → |
[63] [11] [48] |
| CCL2/MCP-1 | spinal cord CSF(human) |
neuron | ↑ → |
[100] [48] |
| CXCL1/ GRO | spinal cord CSF(human) |
NR | ↑ ↑ |
[48] [48] |
| CXCL10 | spinal cord CSF(human) PAG |
neuron microglia |
↑ → ↑ |
[94] [48] [86] |
| CXCL11 | spinal cord | astrocytes, neuron | ↑ | [34] |
| CXCL12/ SDF-1 | spinal cord CSF(human) PAG DRG |
NR NR neuron |
↑ ↑ NR ↑ |
[49] [48] [77] [92] |
| IL-10 | spinal cord serum |
NR | ↓ ↓ |
[5, 40, 51] [95] |
↑ increase; ↓ decrease; → no signifcant change; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; NR: not report; PAG: periaqueductal gray.