Table 1.

Univariate and Multivariate analyses found that MR-proADM had the strongest correlation with the requirement for antibiotic administration during ED treatment

Biomarker	Patient population (N)	Antibiotic administration (N)	p value	C index	Univariate OR [95% CI]	Multivariate OR [95% CI]
MR-proADM	213	164	< 0.001	0.76	3.1 [1.9–4.9]	3.3 [1.9–5.9]
PCT	213	164	< 0.001	0.74	2.7 [1.7–4.3]	2.7 [1.7–4.5]
CRP	207	159	< 0.001	0.68	1.8 [1.3–2.5]	1.9 [1.4–2.8]
Lactate	204	158	0.002	0.66	1.8 [1.2–2.6]	1.6 [1.1–2.5]

Age, cardiovascular, neurological, renal and malignancy comorbidities were used as adjusting variables within the multivariate regression analysis, as previously outlined [4]. Univariate and multivariate odds ratios were expressed per 1 SD increment of the log-transformed value for each respective biomarker. CI confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, DF degrees of freedom, MR-proADM mid-regional proadrenomedullin, N number, OR odds ratio, PCT procalcitonin