Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the populationa and association with detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cervical specimens.
| Number overall (N=330) |
EBV-positive (N=62) |
Age-adjusted PR (95%CI)b |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (median; IQR) | 28.5 (25-34) | 30 (26-36) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) |
| Age at sexual debut in years (median; IQR) | 16 (15-18) | 15 (14-17) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) |
| Percent condom use last week (median; IQR) | 100 (70-100) | 83 (57-100) | 0.42 (0.21, 0.83) |
| Regular smokerc | |||
| Never | 204 | 14% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Former | 44 | 23% | 1.56 (0.83, 2.03) |
| Current | 82 | 28% | 2.00 (1.24, 3.23) |
| Years as sex worker (median; IQR) | 5 (3-7) | 5 (3-7) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Clients per week (median; IQR) | 10 (7-15) | 10 (7-15) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) |
| HIV serum status | |||
| Negative | 247 | 10% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive | 81 | 44% | 4.33 (2.72, 6.91) |
| Peripheral CD4+ T cell count (median; IQR) | 898 (618-1182) | 728 (353-997) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96)d |
| High-oncogenic risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA (hrHPV) | |||
| Negative | 233 | 13% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive | 97 | 33% | 2.62 (1.70, 4.02) |
| Other sexually transmitted infection (CT, NG, TV or MG) |
|||
| Negative for all | 252 | 16% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive for any | 78 | 28% | 1.83 (1.17, 2.85) |
| Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) | |||
| Negative | 316 | 18% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive | 13 | 31% | 2.27 (0.95, 5.50) |
| Neisseria gonorrhea (NG) | |||
| Negative | 322 | 19% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive | 8 | 25% | 1.59 (0.47, 5.38) |
| Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) | |||
| Negative | 306 | 18% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive | 24 | 25% | 1.25 (0.61, 2.58) |
| Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) | |||
| Negative | 288 | 17% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Positive | 42 | 29% | 1.73 (1.03, 2.92) |
| Cervical cytologye | |||
| Normal | 266 | 15% | 1.0 (ref) |
| Low-grade | 50 | 28% | 1.89 (1.11, 3.20) |
| High-grade | 14 | 64% | 3.81 (2.31, 6.28) |
Abbreviations: EBV=Epstein-Barr virus; hrHPV=high-risk human papillomavirus; HIV=human immunodeficiency virus; IQR=interquartile range; PR=prevalence ratio; ASCUS=atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; AGUS; atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance; LSIL=low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions; HSIL=high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Missing data: age at sexual debut (1); HIV serology (2); Chlamydia (1).
Age-adjusted PR (prevalence ratio) is the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by each potential risk factor. PRs shown in bold face are statistically significant (p<0.05).
Regular smoker was defined as ≥1 cigarette/day for 6 months.
Prevalence ratio for CD4 count is per 100 cell count change.
Low grade includes ASCUS (12), AGUS (2), and LSIL (36); High-grade includes HSIL (12) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (2).