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Crowding of energy-depleted E. coli as probed by crGE. (A) The effect of FCCP on the growth of E. coli BL21(DE3) in MOPS minimal medium supplemented with glucose. Error bars are from four technical repeats. (B) Application of 100 μM FCCP results in an immediate drop in the FRET/mCerulean3 ratio. Three independent biological repeats are displayed; error bars are error in the fit of FRET versus mCerulean3 intensity over about 100 cells.
