Table 1.
Baseline and treatment characteristics of the total population and for patients with low and normal/high skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle density respectively
| All (n = 233) |
Skeletal muscle mass |
Skeletal muscle density |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| low (n = 103) | high (n = 107) | p value | low(n = 131) | high (n = 102) | p value | ||||
| Patient characteristic | |||||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 66 (57–74) | 69 (58–74) | 64 (53–72) | 0.040 | 72 (64–76) | 59 (47–67) | <0.001 | ||
| Gender,n (%) | |||||||||
| Males | 140 (60.1) | 56 (54.4) | 71 (66.4) | 81 (61.8) | 43 (42.2) | ||||
| Females | 93 (39.9) | 47 (45.6) | 36 (33.6) | 0.076 | 50 (38.2) | 59 (57.8) | 0.537 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2* | 24.7 (22.5–26.8) | 23.7 (21.3–25.7) | 25.7 (23.9–27.9) | <0.001 | 25.2 (23.4–27.6) | 24.4 (21.9–26.3) | 0.032 | ||
| ECOG (WHO) performance | |||||||||
| status+ | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 215 (95.1) | 94 (94.0) | 99 (95.2) | 118 (92.9) | 97 (98.0) | ||||
| 3–4 | 11 (4.9) | 6 (6.0) | 5 (4.8) | 0.706 | 9 (7.1) | 2 (2.0) | 0.079 | ||
| Weight loss, kg, yes | 118 (52.4) | 50 (50.5) | 60 (57.7) | 0.160 | 68 (53.5) | 50 (51.0) | 0.089 | ||
| Jaundice at presentation, yes Cholangitis at/before | 182 (80.9) | 85 (85.0) | 79 (76.7) | 0.133 | 105 (82.7) | 77 (78.6) | 0.437 | ||
| presentation or preoperative | 129 (56.8) | 8 (8.4) | 5 (4.9) | 0.320 | 69 (54.3) | 60 (60.0) | 0.392 | ||
| CA19-9, kU/L# | 220 (57–1,297) | 254 (129–1,304) | 162 (41–848) | 0.039 | 232 (67–1,351) | 206 (44–877) | 0.534 | ||
| Albumin, g/L | 38 (33–43) | 38 (31–44) | 39 (25–42) | 0.750 | 37 (31–43) | 38 (34–42) | 0.669 | ||
| Total bilirubin prior to | |||||||||
| drainage, µmol/L§ | 138 (61–225) | 146 (77–230) | 120 (53–199) | 0.185 | 155 (86–234) | 122 (57–208) | 0.134 | ||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L¥ | 13 (7–29) | 19 (9–37) | 9 (5–20) | 0.002 | 17 (9–30) | 9 (5–21) | 0.023 | ||
| Thrombocytes, ×109/L | 284 (220–338) | 287 (228–354) | 281 (206–332) | 0.266 | 259 (222–323) | 307 (208–366) | 0.174 | ||
| Disease characteristic | |||||||||
| Suspected peritoneal or other | |||||||||
| distant organ metastases | 26 (11.2) | 16 (15.5) | 5 (4.7) | 0.009 | 18 (13.7) | 8 (7.9) | 0.164 | ||
| Lymph node status on imaging† | |||||||||
| N0 | 122 (53.3) | 54 (53.5) | 60 (57.1) | 70 (54.3) | 52 (52.0) | ||||
| N1 | 67 (29.3) | 30 (29.7) | 28 (26.7) | 33 (25.6) | 34 (34.0) | ||||
| N2 | 40 (17.5) | 17 (16.8) | 17 (16.2) | 0.858 | 26 (20.2) | 14 (14.0) | 0.267 | ||
| Vascular involvement on | |||||||||
| imaging‡ | 148 (64.9) | 63 (61.2) | 67 (65.0) | 0.564 | 86 (68.3) | 62 (60.8) | 0.240 | ||
| Tumour size on imaging, mm | 22 (20–35) | 25 (19–32) | 27 (21–35) | 0.386 | 26 (21–36) | 26 (20–34) | 0.292 | ||
| Lobar atrophy on imaging AJCC stage (radiological) | 61 (26.5) | 32 (31.1) | 28 (26.7) | 0.484 | 40 (31.2) | 21 (20.6) | 0.069 | ||
| I/II | 28 (12.7) | 12 (12.4) | 14 (13.6) | 14 (11.4) | 14 (14.3) | ||||
| III | 50 (22.6) | 23 (23.7) | 24 (23.3) | 28 (22.8) | 22 (22.4) | ||||
| IV | 143 (64.7) | 62 (63.9) | 65 (63.1) | 0.968 | 81 (65.9) | 62 (63.3) | 0.810 | ||
| Blumgart classification [4, 42] | |||||||||
| Stage 1 | 60 (26.9) | 28 (28.3) | 27 (26.5) | 34 (27.6) | 26 (26.0) | ||||
| Stage 2 | 56 (25.1) | 31 (31.3) | 22 (21.6) | 33 (26.8) | 23 (23.0) | ||||
| Stage 3 | 107 (48.0) | 40 (40.4) | 53 (52.0) | 0.190 | 56 (45.5) | 51 (51.0) | 0.697 | ||
| Treatment | |||||||||
| Treatment groups | |||||||||
| Laparotomy with resection Laparotomy without | 41 (17.6) | 18 (17.5) | 23 (21.5) | 17 (13.0) | 24 (23.5) | ||||
| resection | 72 (30.9) | 29 (28.2) | 43 (40.2) | 0.062 | 24 (18.3) | 48 (47.1) | <0.001 | ||
| No laparotomy, initially | |||||||||
| unresectable | 120 (51.5) | 56 (54.4) | 41 (38.3) | 90 (68.7) | 30 (29.4) | ||||
| Chemotherapy | 31 (14.3) | 14 (14.1) | 17 (17.5) | 0.56 | 11 (8.8) | 20 (21.7) | 0.007 | ||
Categorical parameters are presented as counts (percentages) and continuous parameters as median (interquartile range). BMI, body mass index (* missing for 50 patients); ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (+ missing for 6 patients); CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (# missing for 77 patients); AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.
¥
Missing for 92 patients. § Missing for 49 patients.
†
Involvement of lymph nodes was assessed according to the AJCC (7th edition) [21].
‡
Vascular involvement on imaging was defined as tumour contact of at least 180 degrees.