TABLE 1.
Adjusted means of baseline characteristics per quartile category of average protein intake in 2061 participants of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort at examination 71
| Quartile category of averaged protein intake (g/d) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median in quartile category | Q1: 67.4 | Q2: 77.3 | Q3: 85.0 | Q4: 95.9 | P-trend |
| Characteristic | |||||
| Age, y | 61.0 ± 0.4 | 60.0 ± 0.4 | 59.8 ± 0.4 | 59.2 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
| Sex, % female | 43 ± 2 | 53 ± 2 | 61 ± 2 | 65 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 ± 0.2 | 27.6 ± 0.2 | 28.4 ± 0.2 | 28.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| NSAID use, % | 40 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 44 ± 2 | 0.20 |
| Current smoker, % | 16 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| PAI, MET-h/wk | 38.2 ± 0.3 | 37.7 ± 0.3 | 37.3 ± 0.3 | 37.6 ± 0.3 | 0.09 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 125.7 ± 0.7 | 125.6 ± 0.7 | 125.1 ± 0.7 | 126.3 ± 0.7 | 0.68 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 74.0 ± 0.4 | 73.9 ± 0.4 | 74.2 ± 0.4 | 74.6 ± 0.4 | 0.22 |
| Hypertension treatment, % | 26 ± 2 | 32 ± 2 | 32 ± 2 | 30 ± 2 | 0.16 |
| Diabetes treatment, % | 1 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 135.0 ± 3.6 | 135.5 ± 3.5 | 129.0 ± 3.5 | 129.8 ± 3.6 | 0.19 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 202.8 ± 1.6 | 202.5 ± 1.5 | 201.1 ± 1.5 | 200.0 ± 1.6 | 0.17 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54.8 ± 0.7 | 53.9 ± 0.7 | 54.9 ± 0.7 | 54.6 ± 0.7 | 0.99 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 121.0 ± 1.5 | 121.5 ± 1.4 | 120.4 ± 1.4 | 119.5 ± 1.5 | 0.40 |
| Dyslipidemia treatment, % | 17 ± 2 | 21 ± 2 | 18 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 | 0.40 |
| History of CVD, % | 11 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 0.10 |
| Dietary characteristics | |||||
| Protein, g/d | 64.1 ± 0.4 | 75.4 ± 0.4 | 82.1 ± 0.4 | 94.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Protein, % energy | 14.1 ± 0.1 | 16.6 ± 0.1 | 18.2 ± 0.1 | 20.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Protein, g · kg BW–1 · d–1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Meets protein RDA, % | 60 ± 2 | 83 ± 2 | 86 ± 2 | 94 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein, g/d | 42.0 ± 0.5 | 51.8 ± 0.5 | 58.3 ± 0.5 | 70.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein, % energy | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 11.4 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein, g · kg BW–1 · d–1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Plant protein, g/d | 22.1 ± 0.3 | 23.6 ± 0.3 | 23.9 ± 0.3 | 24.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Plant protein, % energy | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Plant protein, g · kg BW–1 · d–1 | 0.30 ± 0.005 | 0.32 ± 0.005 | 0.32 ± 0.005 | 0.32 ± 0.005 | 0.11 |
| Carbohydrates, g/d | 240.3 ± 1.8 | 235.6 ± 1.8 | 228.5 ± 1.8 | 215.1 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber, g/d | 16.6 ± 0.3 | 18.7 ± 0.3 | 19.0 ± 0.3 | 19.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Glycemic index | 54.4 ± 0.2 | 54.4 ± 0.2 | 54.0 ± 0.2 | 52.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Fat, g/d | 62.2 ± 0.6 | 63.1 ± 0.6 | 63.9 ± 0.6 | 64.9 ± 0.6 | 0.002 |
| PUFA, g/d | 11.6 ± 0.2 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 12.0 ± 0.2 | 12.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| SFA, g/d | 22.3 ± 0.3 | 22.1 ± 0.3 | 22.3 ± 0.3 | 22.5 ± 0.3 | 0.50 |
| PUFA:SFA ratio | 0.51 ± 0.13 | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.59 ± 0.12 | 0.58 ± 0.13 | 0.94 |
| MUFA, g/d | 22.9 ± 0.3 | 23.2 ± 0.3 | 23.6 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 0.02 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 14.8 ± 0.6 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Biomarker concentrations2 | |||||
| CRP, mg/L | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.98 |
| ICAM-1, ng/mL | 5.52 ± 0.01 | 5.50 ± 0.01 | 5.48 ± 0.01 | 5.46 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.03 ± 0.03 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.99 ± 0.03 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 0.13 |
| Corrected isoprostanes, ng/mmol3 | 4.96 ± 0.03 | 4.87 ± 0.03 | 4.83 ± 0.03 | 4.75 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| MCP-1, pg/mL | 5.73 ± 0.01 | 5.74 ± 0.01 | 5.70 ± 0.01 | 5.72 ± 0.01 | 0.17 |
| OPG, pmol/L | 1.65 ± 0.01 | 1.66 ± 0.01 | 1.66 ± 0.01 | 1.64 ± 0.01 | 0.68 |
| LPL-A2 activity, nmol · mL–1 · min–1 | 4.94 ± 0.01 | 4.92 ± 0.01 | 4.92 ± 0.01 | 4.91 ± 0.01 | 0.11 |
| LPL-A2 mass, ng/mL | 5.67 ± 0.01 | 5.63 ± 0.01 | 5.64 ± 0.01 | 5.64 ± 0.01 | 0.18 |
| P-selectin, ng/mL | 3.59 ± 0.02 | 3.54 ± 0.02 | 3.55 ± 0.02 | 3.53 ± 0.02 | 0.01 |
| TNFRII, pg/mL | 7.61 ± 0.01 | 7.59 ± 0.01 | 7.58 ± 0.01 | 7.57 ± 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Inflammation score4 | 0.50 ± 0.19 | 0.07 ± 0.19 | −0.16 ± 0.19 | −0.41 ± 0.19 | <0.001 |
Characteristics are presented as means ± SEs unless otherwise indicated. BW, body weight; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ICAM-1, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1; LPL-A2, lipoprotein phospholipase A2; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MET, metabolic-equivalent task; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PAI, physical activity index; RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TNFRII, tumor necrosis factor receptor II.
Individual biomarker concentrations were log-transformed prior to analysis. Values presented are log values.
n = 1690 for urinary creatinine and urinary creatinine-corrected urinary isoprostanes.
The inflammation and oxidative stress score is the sum of rank-normalized values of CRP, OPG, ICAM-1, IL-6, MCP-1, LPL-A2 mass and activity, P-selectin, and TNFRII.