Hodnett 1989.

Methods	RCT, stratified by type of prenatal classes (Lamaze versus general)
Participants	145 nulliparous women (72 to support group and 73 to control) in the last trimester of a healthy pregnancy, booked for delivery at a Toronto, Canada, hospital
Interventions	Support provided by a monitrice (community 'lay' midwife or midwifery apprentice) compared with usual hospital care, defined as the intermittent presence of a nurse. Support described as including physical comfort measures, continuous presence, information, emotional support, and advocacy. The monitrice met with the woman twice in the latter weeks of pregnancy, to discuss her birth plans. Comparable prenatal attention was provided to the controls. All but 1 woman also had husbands or partners present during labour. Support began in early labour at home or in hospital and continued through delivery
Outcomes	Intrapartum interventions, perceived control, method of delivery
Notes	Epidural analgesia was available and EFM was used routinely Dates of study: recruitment and follow‐up complete by 1986 Funding: supported by a grant from the National Health Research and Development Program, Health and Welfare Canada. Project no. 6606‐2939‐43. Conflicts of interest: not reported.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated table of random numbers
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation done over the phone by a third party who had no knowledge of the participant, but used the open table of random numbers
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants and labour room staff were not blinded to group assignment
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Initial collection of medical record data were not blinded. "Duplicate abstraction was done by a second research assistant blind to the subject's study group assignment, on a random sample of 20 records. Interrater agreement of over 95% was obtained for all categories of intervention and physical outcomes." In‐home interview at 2 to 4 weeks postpartum was blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Method of delivery outcome available on 88.3% of sample. Other outcomes collected on only 71% of the sample and thus not used
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes were reported
Other bias	Low risk	No other sources of bias noted