Study	Reason for exclusion
Abildgaard 1998	Subgroup analysis of RCT From Brinker 1998
Ahmedzai 1997	Review article
Berenson 1994	Abstract only
Berenson 1997	RCT but duplicate. Primary study : Berenson 1996 (included studies)
Berenson 1998a	RCT but duplicate. Primary study :Berenson 1996 (included studies) no pain assessments
Berenson 1998b	Duplicate.Update of Berenson 1996 , no further evaluable data
Blomqvist 1996	Review article
Bloomfield 1998	Review article
Body 1993	Review article
Body 1996b	Review article
Body 1998	Review article
Chantraine 1984	RCT, no pain assessment
Chapuy 1980	RCT, no pain assessment
Clemens 1993	RCT, Primary study (Heim 1995) Interim report on subset of patients treated at one of the participating institution
Coleman 1994	RCT but duplicate; Primary study (Coleman 1998) included.
Coleman 1996	RCT but duplicate; primary study (Vinholes 1997b) included.
Coleman 1997b	RCT but duplicate; primary study (Vinholes 1997b) included.
Colleoni 1993	Not randomised
Conte 1996	RCT but duplicate; primary study (Conte 1994).
Costa 1993	Not randomised
Coukell 1998	Review article
Cresswell 1995	Not randomised
Crosby 1998	Not randomised
Delmas 1982b	RCT, no pain endpoints
Delmas 1991	Commentary
Delmas 1996	Editorial
Derrane 1998	Commentary
Diel 1997	RCT, no pain endpoint
Diel 1998	RCT but duplicate; primary study Diel 1997, excluded
Diener 1996	Clinical review
Dodwell 1990	Not randomised
Dooley 1999	Review
Dranitsaris 1999	Cost utility study
Dranitsaris 1999b	Cost utlity study
Elomaa 1983	RCT but duplicate; updates in Elomaa 1987,1988. No pain outcomes reported
Elomaa 1987	RCT but duplicate; primary study Elomaa 1983 , included. No pain outcomes reported
Elomaa 1988	RCT but duplicate; primary study Elomaa 1983, included. No pain outcomes reported
Engler 1998	No pain measures, randomisation not adequately described
Ernst 1993	RCT but duplicate; Primary study : Ernst 1997 included.
Ernst 1994	RCT but duplicate; Primary study: Ernst 1997 included.
Fitton 1991	Review
Fontana 1998	Abstract only
Francis 1995	Review
Fulfaro 1998	Review
Gucalp 1994	RCT, No pain assessment
Gurney 1993	Not randomised
Harvey 1996	Review article describing RCT (duplicate of Berenson 1996)
Hortobagyi 1996b	RCT but duplicate; primary study Hortobagyi 1996a, included
Hortobagyi 1997	RCT but duplicate; primary study Hortobagyi 1996a, included
Hortobagyi 1998	RCT but duplicate; primary study Hortobagyi 1996a, Duplicate of Hortobagyi 1996
Hulin 1994	RCT but duplicate; Primary study Tubiana 1995, excluded. Abstract only, no pain outcome
Iddon 1998	Review
Iveson 1994	RCT but duplicate; primary study Kanis 1996, excluded. No pain endpoint
Jung 1983	RCT, No pain assessment
Kanis 1991	Commentary
Kanis 1996	RCT, Inadequate pain outcome measures
Koberle 1997	RCT but duplicate; primary study Koberle 1999, included
Kristensen 1999	RCT, Physician reported pain
Kylmala 1993	RCT but duplicate; primary study Elomaa 1992 (included). Has more patients than Elomaa 1992, but no pain assessment
Laakso 1994	Economic analysis of study reported by Lahtinen 1992.
LaCivita 1996	Editorial
Lipton 1994a	RCT, interim results with no pain data. Same design as Glover 1994, (included study) although unclear whether it is the same study.Current study describe breast and prostate cancer, Glover breast only.
Lipton 1994b	Commentary
Lipton 1997b	RCT but duplicate; primary study Theriault 1999
Lipton 1998a	Review
Lipton 1998b	RCT, no pain assessment
Lipton 2000	RCT but duplicate; describe two studies. Primary studies Hortobagyi 1996 (included) Theriault 1999 (included)
Lortholary 1999	Review
Maolin 1998	Not randomised
Maxon 1991	RCT, evaluating Rhenium
McCloskey 1998	RCT, Physician reported pain only
Mercadante 1997	Review
Merlini 1990	Not randomised
Mundy 1999	Descriptive comment
Musto 1998	Review
Namer 1991	Commentary
Paterson 1991b	RCT but duplicate; primary study Paterson 1994. Comparing clodronate vs placebo. No pain measurement/outcome . Same study as Paterson 1993.
Paterson 1993a	RCT but duplicate; primary study Paterson 1994. No pain assessment
Paterson 1993b	RCT but duplicate; primary study Paterson 1994.
Paterson 1994	RCT, no pain assessment
Paterson 1997	Review
Paterson 1999	Commentary and opinion
Peest 1996	RCT. No clinical outcomes
Pelger 1998	Not randomised
Plosker 1994	Review article
Powles 1991	Commentary
Powles 1998	No pain assessment
Purohit 1994	RCT, no pain assessment
Radziwill 1993	Not randomised
Ravn 1996	RCT, No pain assessment
Riccardi 1994	Not randomised
Ripamonti 1998	Review article
Rose 1992	RCT, no pain assessment
Rotstein 1992	RCT, no pain assessment
Ryzen 1985	RCT, no pain assessment
Shucai 1999	RCT, Radiotherapy for control arm, excluded because of significant use of radiotherapy (the control intervention) in bisphosphonate arm.
Siris 1983b	RCT, no pain assessment
Strang 1996	Review article
Taube 1994	RCT, No pain assessment
Theriault 1996a	No pain outcomes
Theriault 1996b	RCT but duplicate; primary study Theriault 1999, included.
Thurlimann 1994a	Commentary
Thurlimann 1994b	Open study
Tubiana‐Hulin 1995	RCT, abstract only, state pain reduction significant, p value only
Tyrrell 1994	Open study
Tyrrell 1995	Open study duplicat publication
van Holten 1991	earlier version of van Holten Verzantvoort 1993
van Holten 1994	RCT but duplicate; primary study 1993, included
van Holten 1996b	RCT but duplicate; primary study 1993, included.
Vinholes 1996a	Not randomised
Vinholes 1996b	RCT but duplicate; primary study Vinholes 1997b, Not full publication, abstract only
Vinholes 1997b	RCT, primary study ? No pain outcome measures
Vorreuther 1993	Not randomised
Walker 1997	Not randomised