Table 1. Characteristics of participants according to sex and Hb categories.
| Women | Men | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hb group (g/dL) | Subtotal | ≥13 | 12–12.9 | 11–11.9 | 10–10.9 | <10 | Subtotal | ≥15 | 14–14.9 | 13–13.9 | 12–12.9 | <12 | |||
| Variables | Characteristics | N = 233,497 | n = 116,459 | n = 81,339 | n = 24,658 | n = 6,884 | n = 4,157 | N = 277,123 | n = 131,107 | n = 92,508 | n = 40,784 | n = 9,700 | n = 3,024 | ||
| Age | years | 54.0 | ±9.9 | 54.2±9.6 | 54.2±10.0 | 54.0±10.6 | 51.5±10.3 | 48.3±8.5 | 52.3 | ±9.5 | 50.7±8.7 | 52.4±9.4 | 54.9±10.2 | 58.4±10.8 | 60.2±11.0 |
| Body mass index | kg/m2 | 24.0 | ±3.1 | 24.3±3.1 | 23.8±3.0 | 23.4±3.0 | 23.3±3.0 | 23.4±3.0 | 24.0 | ±2.8 | 24.5±2.8 | 23.8±2.8 | 23.3±2.9 | 22.6±2.9 | 22.1±3.1 |
| Total cholesterol | mg/dL | 203 | ±39 | 207±40 | 201±38 | 195±38 | 191±39 | 181±35 | 199 | ±38 | 203±38 | 197±37 | 192±38 | 185±38 | 176±40 |
| Smoking status | Never smoker | 216,135 | (92.6) | 92.2 | 92.9 | 93.1 | 93.3 | 93.1 | 111,678 | (40.3) | 38.0 | 41.2 | 43.9 | 45.7 | 46.4 |
| Past smoker | 2,152 | (0.9) | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 41,262 | (14.9) | 14.7 | 15.4 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 14.2 | |
| Current smoker | 6,398 | (2.7) | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 111,450 | (40.2) | 42.7 | 38.8 | 37.0 | 35.4 | 34.4 | |
| Missing | 8,812 | (3.8) | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 12,733 | (4.6) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.0 | |
| Alcohol use, | None | 187,901 | (80.5) | 80.0 | 80.9 | 81.5 | 80.9 | 79.9 | 95,540 | (34.5) | 31.4 | 35.1 | 39.6 | 44.8 | 49.2 |
| times/week | <2 | 35,687 | (15.3) | 15.7 | 15.0 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 15.9 | 124,181 | (44.8) | 47.5 | 44.8 | 39.8 | 34.6 | 30.0 |
| 3–7 | 4,231 | (1.8) | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 53,497 | (19.3) | 19.8 | 18.8 | 19.1 | 18.6 | 18.7 | |
| Missing | 5,678 | (2.4) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3,905 | (1.4) | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | |
| Physical activity | ≥1 times/week | 74,782 | (32.0) | 32.2 | 32.2 | 31.5 | 30.7 | 29.2 | 135,293 | (48.8) | 50.2 | 49.3 | 46.0 | 40.7 | 37.8 |
| Income status, | <4 (low income) | 67,202 | (28.8) | 28.6 | 28.7 | 29.8 | 28.9 | 29.4 | 50,306 | (18.2) | 16.2 | 18.4 | 21.6 | 24.8 | 26.0 |
| decile | 4–7 | 75,124 | (32.2) | 32.5 | 32.1 | 31.6 | 31.7 | 29.1 | 91,149 | (32.9) | 31.6 | 33.1 | 35.3 | 37.4 | 35.0 |
| >7 (high income) | 91,171 | (39.0) | 38.9 | 39.2 | 38.6 | 39.4 | 41.5 | 135,668 | (49.0) | 52.2 | 48.4 | 43.2 | 37.8 | 39.1 | |
| Age group | <60 years | 160,118 | (68.6) | 68.5 | 67.6 | 67.0 | 75.9 | 87.8 | 209,137 | (75.5) | 81.7 | 75.1 | 64.6 | 50.7 | 43.4 |
| ≥60 years | 73,379 | (31.4) | 31.5 | 32.4 | 33.0 | 24.1 | 12.2 | 67,986 | (24.5) | 18.3 | 24.9 | 35.4 | 49.3 | 56.6 | |
| Albuminuria | No | 225,173 | (96.4) | 96.3 | 96.7 | 96.6 | 95.7 | 95.8 | 267,344 | (96.5) | 96.2 | 97.0 | 96.6 | 95.2 | 93.4 |
| Trace | 3,688 | (1.6) | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 4,294 | (1.5) | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | |
| 1+ | 3,172 | (1.4) | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 3,603 | (1.3) | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | |
| 2+ | 1,157 | (0.5) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1,460 | (0.5) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 2.0 | |
| ≥3+ | 307 | (0.1) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 422 | (0.2) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | |
| Hematuria | No | 204,064 | (87.4) | 88.0 | 87.1 | 85.6 | 87.4 | 87.8 | 264,861 | (95.6) | 95.9 | 95.6 | 95.0 | 93.7 | 92.4 |
| Trace | 7,482 | (3.2) | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3,554 | (1.3) | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | |
| 1+ | 12,225 | (5.2) | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 5,324 | (1.9) | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.2 | |
| 2+ | 6,221 | (2.7) | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2,234 | (0.8) | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | |
| ≥3+ | 3,505 | (1.5) | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1,150 | (0.4) | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.1 | |
| Comorbidity | Diabetesa | 22,906 | (9.8) | 11.0 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 34,362 | (12.4) | 12.4 | 11.6 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 19.7 |
| Hypertensionb | 75,715 | (32.4) | 35.9 | 30.0 | 28.1 | 24.9 | 20.1 | 96,350 | (34.8) | 35.6 | 33.5 | 34.2 | 37.4 | 39.2 | |
| Heart disease or strokec | 4,858 | (2.1) | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 4,736 | (1.7) | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |
| Cancerc | 1,604 | (0.7) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1,258 | (0.5) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 3.8 | |
Hb, hemoglobin
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n(%), or %.
P values, which were calculated by the chi-square test and 1-way analysis of variance between Hb groups, were < .001 for each variable, except for comorbid cancer in women (P = .006)
aPersons with known diabetes by hospital visit records or fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL at baseline health screening.
bPersons with known hypertension by hospital visit records or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg at baseline health screening.
cPersons with a history of the diseases via questionnaire