Table 1. Patient and pathogen characteristics of patients with or without an embolic event at any time.
| Characteristic | Total Sample (n = 116) | Patients with EE (n = 43) | Patients without EE (n = 73) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Mean age in years (SD) | 66 (17) | 63 (17) | 67 (17) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.25 |
| Men | 82 (70.7%) | 30 (69.8%) | 52 (71.2%) | 0.93 (0.41–2.13) | 0.87 |
| Direct admission | 71 (61.2%) | 24 (55.8%) | 47 (64.4%) | 0.70 (0.32–1.51) | 0.36 |
| Definite Duke criteria | 80 (69.0%) | 39 (90.7%) | 41 (56.2%) | 7.61 (2.46–23.51) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities and risk factors | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 34 (29.3%) | 11 (25.6%) | 23 (31.5%) | 0.75 (0.32–1.74) | 0.50 |
| Coronary artery bypass grafting | 15 (12.9%) | 5 (11.6%) | 10 (13.7%) | 0.83 (0.26–2.61) | 0.75 |
| Prosthetic valve(s) | 39 (33.6%) | 15 (34.9%) | 24 (32.9%) | 1.09 (0.49–2.42) | 0.83 |
| Unrepaired valve lesion | 23 (19.8%) | 9 (20.9%) | 14 (19.2%) | 1.12 (0.44–2.85) | 0.82 |
| Intracardiac device | 13 (11.2%) | 2 (4.7%) | 11 (15.1%) | 0.28 (0.06–1.31) | 0.10 |
| Prior infective endocarditis | 12 (10.3%) | 4 (9.3%) | 8 (11.0%) | 0.83 (0.24–2.95) | 0.78 |
| Intravenous drug use | 7 (6.0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 3 (4.1%) | 2.39 (0.51–11.24) | 0.27 |
| Intravenous instrumentationa | 6 (5.2%) | 1 (2.3%) | 5 (6.8%) | 0.32 (0.04–2.87) | 0.31 |
| Hypertension | 61 (52.6%) | 27 (62.8%) | 34 (46.6%) | 1.94(0.90–4.18) | 0.093 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (23.3%) | 10 (23.3%) | 17 (23.3%) | 1.00 (0.41–2.44) | 1 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 28 (24.1%) | 12 (27.9%) | 16 (21.9%) | 1.38 (0.58–3.28) | 0.47 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 23 (19.8%) | 5 (11.6%) | 18 (24.7%) | 0.40 (0.14–1.18) | 0.089 |
| Liver disease | 12 (10.3%) | 2 (4.7%) | 10 (13.7%) | 0.31 (0.06–1.48) | 0.14 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 7 (6.0%) | 3 (7.0%) | 4 (5.5%) | 1.29 (0.28–6.08) | 0.74 |
| Malignancy | 29 (25.0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 25 (34.2%) | 0.20 (0.06–0.61) | 0.0051 |
| Immunosuppression | 9 (7.8%) | 3 (7.0%) | 6 (8.2%) | 0.84 (0.20–3.54) | 0.81 |
| Obesity | 7 (6.0%) | 3 (7.0%) | 4 (5.5%) | 1.29 (0.28–6.08) | 0.74 |
| Microbiologic etiology | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 27 (23.3%) | 11 (25.6%) | 16 (21.9%) | 1.23 (0.51–2.96) | 0.65 |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococcus | 7 (6.0%) | 2 (4.7%) | 5 (6.9%) | 0.66 (0.12–3.58) | 0.63 |
| Enterococcus | 19 (16.4%) | 3 (7.0%) | 16 (21.9%) | 0.27 (0.07–0.98) | 0.046 |
| Viridans group streptococcus | 24 (20.7%) | 10 (23.3%) | 14 (19.2%) | 1.28 (0.51–3.19) | 0.60 |
| HACEK group speciesb | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.71 (0.10–28.13) | 0.71 |
| Other microorganism | 32 (27.6%) | 11 (25.6%) | 21 (28.8%) | 0.85 (0.36–2.00) | 0.71 |
| Culture-negative | 8 (6.9%) | 5 (11.6%) | 3 (4.1%) | 3.07 (0.70–13.55) | 0.14 |
CI, confidence interval; EE, embolic event
aHemodialysis or central venous catheter
bHaemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella spp.