Asadi 2011.

Methods	Quasi‐randomised clinical trial (according to date of birth).
Participants	Orthopaedic emergency centre, Poorsina Hospital, Rasht, Iran. 2004 to 2009. Inclusion criteria: children less than 7 years old presenting with history and signs or symptoms of 'elbow strain' (clinical diagnosis of radial head subluxation). Exclusion criteria: patients with doubtful or unknown history, history of direct trauma to elbow, specific deformity, local oedema or swelling, ecchymosis on elbow, polytrauma, congenital bone disease. 110 children enrolled. 69 boys and 41 girls. Mean age 4.05 years (SD 1.51).
Interventions	Hyperpronation (figure provided showed elbow held at 90° before hyperpronation at the wrist) (n = 52) versus Supination‐flexion (figure provided showed elbow held at 90° before supination at the wrist followed by flexion at the elbow) (n = 58). If first attempt unsuccessful (extremity function had not returned), same method used for second attempt 15 minutes later. If this failed, the alternative method was used 15 minutes later. If unsuccessful, this was repeated after 15 minutes. If both methods failed, elbow radiography to rule out other injury.
Outcomes	Success after first attempt and second attempt (same method, 15 minutes later).
Notes	Article in Persian Arabic with English abstract.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Quasi‐randomised (assignment according to odd and even birth date).
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Not concealed.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants: not possible. Treatment provider: not possible. Outcome assessor: unclear but probably not blinded.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All 110 allocated children were included in the analysis.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear, no trial registration or protocol available.
Other bias	Unclear risk	No information regarding baseline comparability. Care providers and provision of treatment seem comparable..