Keijsers 1990.
| Methods | RCT | |
| Participants | 90 participants. 1. Back School treatment group n = 45. 2. Waiting‐list control group n = 45. Inclusion criteria: LBP for at least 2 months and maximum of 3 years. Exclusion criteria: people eligible for surgical treatment were excluded, as were those who were unable to participate in a physical exercise program and relaxation training. |
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| Interventions | 1. Back School group: Maastricht Back School, education and skills program in group setting (10 to 12 participants per group), 7 lessons of 2.5 hours and refresher lesson after 6 months. Included postural education, exercises, information on psychological factors. 2. Waiting‐list control group. |
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| Outcomes | 1. Pain: visual analogue scale. 2. Return to work was expressed in number of days. |
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| Notes | Primary care setting. Funding: N/A. |
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| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | The sequence generation procedure or the method of allocation were not mentioned. The title and abstract indicate that it is an RCT. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | The sequence generation procedure or the method of allocation were not mentioned. The title and abstract indicate that it is an RCT. |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | No mention of any attempts to blind the participants |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes | High risk | No mention of any attempts to blind the care providers |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | High risk | No mention of any attempts to blind the assessors |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | High risk | Dropouts exceed 20%. |
| Intention‐to‐treat Analysis | Unclear risk | Not mentioned |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | It was unclear if the published report included all expected outcomes. |
| Similarity of baseline characteristics? | Unclear risk | Not mentioned |
| Co‐interventions avoided or similar? | Unclear risk | Not mentioned |
| Compliance acceptable? | Unclear risk | Not mentioned |
| Timing outcome assessments similar? | Unclear risk | Not mentioned |