Altmaier 1992.

Methods	RCT; 2 arms; assessed at pre‐treatment, post‐treatment, 6 months
Participants	End of treatment n = 42 Start of treatment n = 45 Sex: 12 F, 33 M Mean age = 39.9 (SD 8.9) Source = pain and rehabilitation clinic Diagnosis = chronic low back pain Mean years of pain = not given
Interventions	"Psychology based programme: multicomponent CBT" "Standard inpatient rehabilitation"
Outcomes	Primary pain outcome: MPQ PRI Primary disability outcome: WHYMPI pain interference Primary mood outcome: WHYMPI distress Catastrophising outcome: none 1. Primary aerobic impairment 2. Self efficacy 3. West Haven Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) self control 4. West Haven Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) pain interference 5. West Haven Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) mood 6. Disability 7. Melzack Pain Questionnaire Pain Response Index (MPQ PRI)
Notes	CBT versus TAU, post‐treatment and follow‐up: analyses 3.1, 3.2, 3,3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Yates quality scale: total quality = 15/35, design quality = 11/26, treatment quality = 4/9
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Abstract: “Forty‐five low back pain patients were randomly assigned”; no details in Methods
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Inadequately reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Fully reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not reported