Ersek 2008.

Methods	RCT; 2 arms; assessed at pretreatment, post‐treatment, 6‐month follow‐up, 12‐month follow‐up
Participants	End of treatment n = 218 Start of treatment n = 256 Sex: 210 F, 46 M Mean age = 81.8 (SD 6.5) Source = residential retirement facilities Diagnosis = pain more than 3 months; average last week > 2/10: mixed sites, largest legs and feet Mean years of pain = not given
Interventions	"pain self‐management training group (SMG) intervention" "education only control condition"
Outcomes	Primary pain outcome: BPI pain Primary disability outcome:  RMDQ Primary mood outcome: Geriatric Depression Scale Catastrophising outcome: CSQ catastrophising 1. Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire 2. Brief Pain Inventory: pain 3. Brief Pain Inventory: interference with activity 4. Geriatric Depression Scale 5. Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale 6. CSQ catastrophising 7. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: guarding 8. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: resting 9. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: asking for assistance 10. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: relaxation 11. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: task persistence 12. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: exercise/stretch 13. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: seeking support 14. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: coping self statements 15. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: pacing 16. Medication use: record
Notes	December 2009 search: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 Yates quality scale: total quality = 30/35, design quality = 21/26, treatment quality = 9/9
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation by (retirement) facility, by statistician using random number generator
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	By independent statistician
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Fully reported attrition
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Fully reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not reported