Vlaeyen 1996.

Methods	RCT; 3 arms; assessed at pre‐treatment, post‐treatment, 6 months, 1 year
Participants	End of treatment n = 122 Start of treatment n = 131 Sex: 110 F, 15 M Mean age = 44.0 (SD 9.4) Source = pain or rehabilitation clinic Diagnosis = fibromyalgia Mean years of pain = 10.2
Interventions	"cognitive + group discussion" "education + group discussion" "waiting list"
Outcomes	Primary pain outcome: pain intensity score Primary disability outcome: none available Primary mood outcome: BDI depression Catastrophising outcome: none Composite scores from factor analysis: Pain intensity, pain coping, pain control, relaxation, catastrophising, pain behaviour, activity                                Measures contributing to factors: Multidimensional Pain Questionnaire: Pain Response Index Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (none available) Fear Survey Schedule Arthritis knowledge Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Pain behaviour scale Multidimensional Pain Locus of Control Scale (MPCL) Walking distance, walking time, cycling time
Notes	CBT versus active, post‐treatment: analyses 1.1, 1.3 Yates quality scale: total quality = 20/35, design quality = 16/26, treatment quality = 4/9
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	“randomly assigned”
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Attrition reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Fully reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not reported