Table 2. Effects of intranasal insulin/placebo treatment on verbal memory, motor function and vital signs.
| Group | Insulin | Placebo | Between Groups | Within Insulin Group | Within Placebo Group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Baseline | Post- treatment | Baseline | Post- treatment | Insulin vs. Placebo |
Baseline vs. Post-treatment |
|
| N | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | |||
| Average stride (in) | 22 ± 5.0 | 21.5 ± 4.4 | 21.0 ±2.7 | 19.2 ± 2.9 | 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.18 |
| Walk duration (s) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 0.16 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2±0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.21 |
| No of steps | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 0.52 | 1.0 | 0.17 |
| MoCA | 28.7 ± 1.2 | 28 ± 1.1 | 26.8 ±2.6 | 28.2 ±0.9 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.31 |
| HY | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2 ± 0.7* | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ±0.2 | 0.91 | 0.04 | 1.0 |
| BDI | 7.8 ± 5.4 | 8.25 ± 8.1 | 13.5± 5.6 | 12.8 ±7.4 | 0.20 | 0.75 | 0.72 |
| Verbal Fluency | |||||||
| F total | 13.3 ± 2.7 | 13.6 ± 3.2 | 11.7 ±3.2 | 10.3 ±2.9 | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
| A total | 11.4 ± 3.1 | 12 ± 3.2 | 9.8 ±1.9 | 8.5 ±2.9 | 0.08 | 0.59 | 0.16 |
| S total | 14.1 ± 3.0 | 15.4 ± 2.9 | 11.3 ± 2.2 | 12.0 ± 2.3 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.53 |
| FAS total | 38.8 ± 5.7 | 41 ± 8.2 | 32.8 ± 2.3 | 30.8 ± 7.1 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.49 |
| Unified Parkinson Disease Scale–Motor Score | |||||||
| UPDRS I | 9.6 ± 3.9 | 8.12 ± 4.3 | 11.7±3.9 | 12.0±1.6 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 1.0 |
| UPDRS II | 13.9 ± 10.1 | 13.5 ± 10.8 | 15.3±8.2 | 14.0±8.2 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 0.18 |
| UPDRS III | 31.5 ± 20.0 | 25.6 ± 21.8* | 31.7±13.3 | 30.5±15.8 | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.27 |
| Bradykinesia | 13.1 ± 10.9 | 10.3 ± 10.9 | 14.42±8.2 | 12.8±7.7 | 0.76 | 0.08 | 0.82 |
| Laboratory values and vital signs | |||||||
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dl) | 90.1±7.1 | 85.6±9.2 | 93.0±10.6 | 86.7±18.5 | 0.80 | 0.06 | 0.45 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68.6±6.7 | 73±9.8 | 74.2±14.6 | 86.3±16.0 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.24 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 117.7±9.4 | 123.8±10.3 | 130.8±14.9 | 117.3±17.0 | 0.75 | 0.35 | 0.23 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.6±7.1 | 76±8.9 | 79.2±6.8 | 73.3±7.1 | 0.74 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
| Weight (lb) | 170.3±40.5 | 169±38.4 | 187.3±62.9 | 186.7±62.8 | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.42 |
Abbreviations: MoCA = the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HY = Hoehn and Yahr Scale; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; F,A,S = phonemic fluency and verbal memory; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson Disease Scale I-III; SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure. Mean ±SD. MANOVA adjusted for age was used for between the insulin and placebo group comparisons at baseline and post-treatment. Paired t test was used within the insulin group and within the placebo group for comparisons between baseline and post treatment.
* Denotes differences between baseline and post-treatment <0.05 within insulin group.