Table 3. Association between age and depression caseness and its rural-urban difference among women.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (centred at 45 years) | 1.05 (1.03,1.08) | 1.03 (1.00,1.05) | 1.03 (1.00,1.05) | 1.02 (0.99,1.04) |
| Age2 (centred at 45 years) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) |
| Urbanisation | ||||
| Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Semi-urban | 0.66 (0.47,0.92) | 0.77 (0.56,1.07) | 0.76 (0.55,1.06) | 0.78 (0.57,1.08) |
| Urban | 0.31 (0.22,0.45) | 0.50 (0.34,0.71) | 0.48 (0.34,0.70) | 0.52 (0.36,0.75) |
| Region | ||||
| East | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Central | 1.64 (1.45,1.86) | 1.65 (1.45,1.87) | 1.54 (1.36,1.74) | |
| Northeast | 1.39 (1.14,1.69) | 1.34 (1.10,1.64) | 1.27 (1.04,1.54) | |
| West | 1.98 (1.75,2.24) | 1.95 (1.72,2.21) | 1.80 (1.60,2.04) | |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Primary | 0.79 (0.69,0.90) | 0.80 (0.69,0.93) | 0.82 (0.72,0.94) | |
| Lower secondary | 0.69 (0.59,0.80) | 0.69 (0.55,0.77) | 0.74 (0.63,0.85) | |
| Upper secondary & higher | 0.47 (0.38,0.57) | 0.48 (0.41,0.69) | 0.50 (0.40,0.61) | |
| Missing | 0.40 (0.11,1.41) | 0.40 (0.11,1.41) | 0.47 (0.14,1.62) | |
| Retirement | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.29 (1.17,1.43) | 1.32 (1.19,1.46) | 1.18 (1.07,1.31) | |
| Missing | 1.39 (0.78,2.48) | 1.39 (0.78,2.49) | 1.22 (0.68,2.18) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Unmarried | 1.18 (1.04,1.34) | 1.19 (1.05,1.35) | 1.17 (1.04,1.32) | |
| Household amenities | ||||
| 0–2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 3–4 | 0.89 (0.79,1.01) | 0.90 (0.79,1.02) | 0.94 (0.83,1.06) | |
| 5–6 | 0.64 (0.56,0.74) | 0.66 (0.58,0.75) | 0.69 (0.60,0.79) | |
| ≥7 | 0.51 (0.43,0.59) | 0.52 (0.44,0.61) | 0.56 (0.48,0.65) | |
| Missing | 0.51 (0.34,0.76) | 0.50 (0.34,0.75) | 0.52 (0.35,0.77) | |
| Social activity | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Less often | 1.06 (0.94,1.21) | 1.08 (0.95,1.22) | ||
| Almost every week | 0.86 (0.74,0.99) | 0.89 (0.77,1.03) | ||
| Almost daily | 0.76 (0.69,0.85) | 0.80 (0.72,0.89) | ||
| Missing | 2.21 (0.38,12.99) | 2.49 (0.41,15.23) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.16 (1.02,1.33) | 1.13 (0.99,1.29) | ||
| Missing | 1.33 (0.90,1.95) | 1.33 (0.90,1.95) | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | ||
| Former/current | 1.23 (1.03,1.48) | 1.17 (0.98,1.40) | ||
| Missing | 1.13 (0.76,1.67) | 1.10 (0.74,1.62) | ||
| BMI | ||||
| >15 & ≤18.5 | 1.16 (0.94,1.43) | 1.16 (0.94,1.42) | ||
| >18.5 & ≤24 | Ref | Ref | ||
| >24 & ≤28 | 0.99 (0.88,1.10) | 0.95 (0.85,1.06) | ||
| >28 | 0.92 (0.79,1.07) | 0.82 (0.71,0.96) | ||
| Missing | 1.02 (0.91,1.16) | 0.97 (0.86,1.10) | ||
| Number of ADLs | ||||
| 0 | Ref | |||
| 1 | 2.20 (1.93,2.51) | |||
| 2+ | 4.73 (4.07,5.49) | |||
| Missing | 0.35 (0.19,0.62) | |||
| Age × Urbanisation | ||||
| Age × semi-urban | 0.99 (0.95,1.03) | 0.99 (0.95,1.04) | 1.00 (0.96,1.04) | 1.00 (0.96,1.04) |
| Age × urban | 1.02 (0.95,1.05) | 1.02 (0.95,1.04) | 1.03 (0.96,1.05) | 1.01 (0.96,1.06) |
| Age2 × semi-urban | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) |
| Age2 × urban | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) |
| Period | ||||
| Wave 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Wave2 | 0.87 (0.74,1.04) | 1.04 (0.87,1.23) | 1.04 (0.87,1.23) | 1.02 (0.85,1.21) |
| Wave3 | 1.02 (0.84,1.23) | 1.23 (1.02,1.49) | 1.23 (1.02,1.49) | 1.20 (0.99,1.46) |
| Age × Period | ||||
| Age×Wave2 | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) | 0.98 (0.97,0.99) | 0.98 (0.97,0.99) | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) |
| Age×Wave3 | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) | 0.99 (0.97,1.00) |
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference category