Moriarty 1999.

Methods	Design: multicentre, randomised, double blind (double dummy), two‐phase cross‐over study Participants stabilised on Mm/r during 1 ‐ 3 day run‐in to confirm stability of pain control Duration: 2 x 3 days, plus pre‐study stabilisation. No washout Setting: not stated
Participants	Cancer pain adequately controlled with Mm/r N = 100 M 53, F 47 Age > 18 years
Interventions	Hydromorphone m/r Mm/r No other opioids allowed, antiemetics permitted Range of escape medication: MIR solution, diamorphine solution, diamorphine tablets and dextromoramide
Outcomes	PI: VAS and 6‐point categorical scale Nausea: 4‐point scale Participant preference
Notes	Oxford Quality Score: R = 2, DB = 2, W = 1. Total = 5/5
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"randomisation schedule prepared by clinical supplies dept"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"matching placebos" "double dummy technique"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"matching placebos" "double dummy technique"
Incomplete adverse event outcome data‐ patient level	High risk	Not reported at patient level
Selective reporting bias for adverse events	Low risk	All events reported
Size	Unclear risk	50 ‐ 199 participants per treatment group