Todd 2002.

Methods	Design: multicenter, randomised, open label, two‐phase cross‐over study of two dosing regimens of MIR Duration: 2 x 2 days, no washout Setting: inpatients
Participants	Cancer‐related pain adequately treated with MIR, stable for ≥ 2 days, with ≤ 2 doses of rescue medication N = 24 (20 completed) Median age 62 years (range 40 ‐ 89) M 10, F 14
Interventions	Regular dose of MIR at bedtime followed by regular dose at 4 h and 8 h later Double dose of MIR at bedtime followed by regular dose 8 h later Rescue medication: MIR
Outcomes	Use of rescue medication during night PI for overnight and morning pain: NRS (0 ‐ 10) Adverse events: 4‐point VRS
Notes	Oxford Quality Score: R = 1, DB = 0, W = 1. Total = 2/5
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer generated randomised list
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open study
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open study
Incomplete adverse event outcome data‐ patient level	Unclear risk	Reported events not patients
Selective reporting bias for adverse events	High risk	Selective AEs reported
Size	High risk	< 50 participants per treatment arm