Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Samplesa
| Characteristics | Self-recorded Dataset | Publicly Available Replication Dataset (COBRE) | ||
| Patients (n = 18) | Controls (n = 19) | Patients (n = 53) | Controls (n = 57) | |
| Age (y) | 24–56 (38.8 ± 9.9) | 28–59 (37.7 ± 9.0) | 18–65 (38.3 ± 13.9) | 18–62 (35.4 ± 11.9) |
| Gender: male/female | 10/8 | 10/9 | 41/12 | 37/20 |
| Handedness: R/L/A | 17/1/0 | 19/0/0 | 44/8/1 | 55/1/1† |
| Education (y) | 6–16 (11.2 ± 3.1) | 10–19 (15.1 ± 2.2)b,* | 10–20 (13.1 ± 1.8)c | 12–17 (14.0 ± 1.6)d,* |
| Age of onset (y) | 17–47 (26.2 ± 8.3) | — | 5–61 (22.7 ± 9.4) | — |
| Duration of illness (y) | 1–30 (11.6 ± 8.4) | — | 0–47 (15.6 ± 12.0) | — |
| Medication dosee (mg/day) | 50–850 (293.9 ± 214.1) | — | 0–1800 (368.7 ± 310.8) | — |
| PANSS symptomsf | ||||
| Positive symptoms | 7–14 (9.5 ± 2.8) | — | 7–28 (15.1 ± 4.9) | — |
| Negative symptoms | 7–26 (10.9 ± 5.2) | — | 8–29 (13.8 ± 4.0) | — |
| General symptoms | 16–28 (20.0 ± 3.5) | — | 16–56 (29.9 ± 8.5) | — |
| Overall symptoms | 30–53 (40.4 ± 7.1) | — | 35–94 (59.8 ± 14.0) | — |
| Global assessment of functioning | ||||
| Total | 31–70 (49.7 ± 10.7) | — | — | — |
| Symptoms | 31–71 (53.1 ± 13.1) | — | — | — |
| Disability | 31–70 (51.3 ± 10.3) | — | — | — |
Note: R, right; L, left; A, ambidextrous—within each dataset; *indicates significant (P < 0.05) between-group difference in a 2-sample 2-tailed t-test; †indicates significant (P < 0.05) between-group difference via a 2-tailed Pearson χ2 test. Detailed statistics could be found in the supplementary table S2 (for self-recorded dataset) and table S3 (for publicly available replication dataset).
aUnless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as a range of minimum – maximum (mean ± SD).
bData were missing for 1 normal control in the principal dataset.
cData were missing for 3 patients with schizophrenia in the replication dataset.
dData were missing for 7 normal controls in the replication dataset.
eThe antipsychotic medication dosage was converted to daily chlorpromazine milligram equivalents according to Woods.32 Detailed medical types could be found in supplementary table S2.
fThe Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)33 was used to assess the psychopathology and symptom severity.