Nuraei 2010.

Methods	Design: randomized controlled trial Withdrawals: none Setting: single centre, Iran Sample size: 108
Participants	Age (mean): 38/39 years Gender (M/F): 68/40 ASA grade: "I and II" ‐ NB: All participants had end‐stage renal disease and were awaiting transplant. Surgery type: renal transplant surgery Surgery duration (mean): 2.1/2.0 hours Anaesthesia type: general
Interventions	Intervention n = 54 Buffered arm ‐ Ringer's lactate Control n = 54 Non‐buffered arm ‐ normal saline Protocol for fluid administration not reported Co‐interventions: none
Outcomes	Renal function, acid‐base status up to 24 hours after surgery
Notes	Funding source: not disclosed Declarations of interest: none disclosed
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomized double‐blinded trial
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	All outcomes adequately reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of selection bias. All proposed outcome measures adequately reported
Other bias	Low risk	No other obvious bias