No of studies	Design	Risk of Bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other	Certainty (overall score)
Intervention: Multimodal not WHO‐based Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
5	4 RCT 1 ITS (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Multimodal not WHO‐based Outcome: Infection rates
3	2 RCT 1 ITS (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Multimodal WHO‐based Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
5	1 RCT 4 ITS (2)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Very low (1)
Intervention: Multimodal WHO‐based Outcome: Infection rates
2	2 ITS (2)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Very low (1)
Intervention: Multimodal WHO‐based Outcome: Colonisation rates
2	1 RCT 1 ITS (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Multimodal WHO‐enhanced Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
6	2 RCT 4 ITS (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Multimodal WHO‐enhanced Outcome: Infection rates
1	1 ITS (2)	Serious risk of bias (‐.5)	No inconsistency in effect sizes	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Very low (1.5)
Intervention: Performance feedback Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
6	3 RCT, 1 NRCT, 2 ITS (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Performance feedback Outcome: Infection rates
1	1 RCT (4)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Moderate (3)
Intervention: Performance feedback Outcome: Colonization rates
1	1 RCT (4)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Moderate (3)
Intervention: Education Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
2	1 RCT 1 ITS (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Cues Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
3	2 RCT, 1 NRCT (3)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	Important inconsistency in effect sizes (‐0.5)	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Low (2)
Intervention: Placement of ABHR Outcome: Hand Hygiene Compliance
1	1 RCT (4)	Serious risk of bias (‐0.5)	No inconsistency in effect sizes	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	None	Moderate (3.5)