Armellino 2012.

Methods	Design: ITS Study period: 16‐week baseline period (June to Sept 2008) followed by a 16‐week post‐intervention period (Oct 6 2008 to Jan 24 2009) then 75‐week maintenance period (Jan 25 2009 to July 4 2010) USA
Participants	All healthcare workers in a 17‐bed medical ICU
Interventions	Video cameras recorded attempts at hand hygiene; feedback was given to staff in a variety of ways including continuous display of hand hygiene rates on electronic boards in hallways and detailed summaries sent to managers by email
Outcomes	Hand hygiene compliance, defined as percentage of hand hygiene opportunities where hand hygiene was attempted within 10 seconds before or after access to a room
Notes	Appropriate analysis for ITS Third‐party auditors remotely assessed video recordings Funding source: New York State Department of Health Declaration of interest: None
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Presence of video cameras so staff aware of being monitored
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Outcomes were not assessed blindly, although third‐party auditors were used
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Missing data (missed opportunities) unlikely to be very different in various study periods
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All relevant outcomes were reported
Other bias	Low risk	No evidence
Intervention independent	Unclear risk	No report of whether there were other campaigns, outbreaks, changes in staffing etc
Shape of effect pre‐specified	Low risk	Point of analysis is the point of intervention
Intervention had no effect on data collection	Low risk	Same data collection before and after intervention