Kreuer 2005

Methods	RCT
Participants	Country: Germany N = 120 ASA: I/II/III 7/30/3, 13/23/4, 11/27/2 Gender: male/female 20/20, 20/20, 20/20 Age: 46.5±14.1, 44.7±15.6, 43.6±16.0 years. Exclusion: history of any disabling central nervous or cerebrovascular disease, hypersensitivity to opioids or substance abuse, or a treatment with opioids or any psychoactive medication Operation: minor orthopaedic surgery expected to last at least 1 hour Duration of anaesthesia: 113±57, 122±50, 125±51 min
Interventions	Desflurane administration guided by a BIS monitor (an A‐2000 BIS monitor version XP), a target BIS value of 50 during maintenance and of 60 during last fifteen minutes of surgery, Cn = 40 Desflurane administration guided by a Narcotrend monitor (software version 2.0 AF) at a target value of "D0" during maintenance and of "C1" during last fifteen minutes of surgery, Cn = 40 Desflurane administration guided by standard clinical signs, Cn = 40
Outcomes	Outcomes ‐ desflurane consumption (mg/min) Recovery times: ‐Time to open eyes (min, primary outcome) ‐Time to be extubated (min) ‐Time to arrive in PACU (min)
Notes	.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	".. patients were randomized by drawing lots from a closed box."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	".. patients were randomized by drawing lots from a closed box."
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	The study has not mentioned about the withdrawal/dropouts
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All expected outcomes reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	The unblinded anaesthesiologist could potentially lead to ' learning contamination bias'
Blinding of patients?	Low risk	All patients were anaesthetized
Blinding of anaesthesiologists?	High risk	"..desflurane during maintenance of anaesthesia was continuously adjusted according to a target value of.......50 for BIS ". This indicates no blinding of anaesthesia care providers
Blinding of outcome assessors?	Low risk	"Recovery times were recorded by a blinded investigator."